Pressure build-up characterization

Figure 3. Pressure build-up characterization. (A) Drug reservoir internal pressure profile during continuous application of –2 VDC, showing a rapid increase to a peak followed by a gradual decline, consistent with electrolysis-driven dynamics. (B) Cyclic pressure response under 5-minute alternating ON–OFF phases, demonstrating reversible and repeatable actuation behavior. (C) Quantification of average relative pressure during ON and OFF phases across replicates. (D) Summary analysis of all ON–OFF cycles, illustrating statistically significant pressure modulation in response to electrochemical activation.