Holocene pollen record from Lake Kinneret (Sea of Galilee), Israel

Lake Kinneret, also known as the Sea of Galilee and Lake Tiberias, is located in the northeast of Israel. At a lake level of 211 m b.s.l. (below mean sea level), the central basin is 43 m deep. The maximum length of the lake is 21 km (N-S) and its maximum width is 12 km (W-E). Lake Kinneret's surface area is 166 166 km². A new 17.8 m long sedimentary core was drilled in 2010. Here, we present the entire palynological record from it, which covers the last ~ 9,000 years. Special emphasis is given to the natural and human-influenced vegetation history of Galilee in comparison to that of the more southerly Dead Sea region. Significant signs of human impact are the first Olea (olive) increase during the beginning of the Chalcolithic period between 7,000 and 6,500 years ago, as well as the prominent Olea phase during the Hellenistic/Roman/Byzantine period between 2,300 and 1,500 years ago. Mediterranean macchia and bathas scrub vegetation, as known in the area today, has developed in the southern Levant under human impact since the last ca. 1,500 years.

基尼烈湖（Lake Kinneret），又称加利利海（Sea of Galilee）和提比里亚湖（Lake Tiberias），位于以色列东北部。当湖面海拔为211米（低于平均海平面，b.s.l.）时，中央盆地深度达43米。该湖最长处为21公里（南北向），最宽处为12公里（东西向），表面积为166 166平方公里。2010年钻取了一根新的17.8米长沉积岩芯。本文呈现了该岩芯完整的孢粉学记录（palynological record），其覆盖了过去约9000年的历史。研究特别强调了加利利地区自然及人类影响下的植被历史，并将其与更南部的死海区域进行对比。人类影响的显著标志包括：铜石并用时代（Chalcolithic period）初期（约7000至6500年前）Olea（橄榄）的首次增多，以及希腊化/罗马/拜占庭时期（约2300至1500年前）Olea（橄榄）的显著繁盛阶段。黎凡特南部地区如今常见的地中海马基群落（macchia）和巴塔斯灌丛（bathas scrub）植被，是在过去约1500年间受人类影响逐渐形成的。