Speeding and impaired driving in fatal crashes—Results from in-depth investigations

The aim of the study was to identify typical patterns of risk factors among speeding and impaired drivers involved in fatal crashes and to suggest countermeasures. Results from in-depth investigations of 1,501 fatal passenger car crashes that occurred in Norway from 2005 to 2015 and involved 1,949 passenger cars are summarized. Relationships between speeding (excessive speed, EXC, or inappropriate speed, INAP); driving under the influence (DUI) of alcohol (ALC), drugs (DRUG), or both (MIX); and other driver-, crash-, vehicle-, and road-related variables were investigated. Speeding and DUI drivers have in common that they are more often male, unbelted, unlicensed, driving old cars, and involved in single-vehicle crashes under low-volume conditions (nighttime, weekend, low-volume roads). They are also less often fatigued, ill, or suicidal. EXC and ALC drivers are on average younger and they generally show more high-risk behavior than INAP, DRUG, and MIX drivers. In crashes with pedestrians/cyclists and crashes on slippery roads or in winter, INAP drivers are overrepresented and EXC and DUI drivers are underrepresented. Among DRUG and MIX drivers there may be differences according to the type of substance. Those drivers who show most types of high-risk behaviors, especially EXC and ALC drivers, are less likely to respond to measures relying on voluntary behavior changes, such as recommended speed, speed warnings, or classical enforcement, although such measures may be effective for INAP and some DRUG drivers. To change the behavior of EXC and ALC drivers, more restrictive measures are called for, such as non-overridable intelligent speed adaptation, vehicle impoundment, or Alcolock.

本研究旨在识别涉致命车祸的超速及受影响驾驶驾驶员群体中风险因素的典型模式，并提出针对性防控举措。本文汇总了2005至2015年挪威境内1501起涉及1949辆乘用车的致命车祸深度调查结果。研究分析了超速行为（含过度超速（excessive speed, EXC）与不当超速（inappropriate speed, INAP））、受酒精影响驾驶（alcohol, ALC）、受毒品影响驾驶（drugs, DRUG）或二者混合影响驾驶（MIX）的受影响驾驶（driving under the influence, DUI）行为，与驾驶员、事故、车辆及道路相关变量间的关联。超速及受影响驾驶的驾驶员群体具有如下共性：多为男性、未系安全带、无有效驾驶执照、驾驶老旧车辆，且常卷入低流量场景（夜间、周末、低流量道路）下的单方事故；同时较少出现疲劳驾驶、患病或自杀式驾驶行为。过度超速（EXC）与受酒精影响驾驶（ALC）的驾驶员平均年龄更低，且整体展现出较不当超速（INAP）、受毒品影响驾驶（DRUG）及混合影响驾驶（MIX）群体更为突出的高风险行为特征。在涉及行人/骑行者的事故，以及湿滑路面或冬季发生的事故中，不当超速（INAP）驾驶员占比偏高，而过度超速（EXC）及受影响驾驶（DUI）驾驶员占比偏低。此外，受毒品影响驾驶（DRUG）与混合影响驾驶（MIX）群体内部，可能因所使用的物质类型存在行为差异。那些展现出多种高风险行为的驾驶员（尤其是过度超速（EXC）与受酒精影响驾驶（ALC）群体），更难通过依赖自愿行为改变的防控措施（如推荐限速、速度预警或传统执法）来改善驾驶行为，尽管此类措施对不当超速（INAP）及部分受毒品影响驾驶（DRUG）群体或可奏效。若要改变过度超速（EXC）与受酒精影响驾驶（ALC）驾驶员的行为，需采用更具约束性的举措，例如不可覆盖式智能限速适配（non-overridable intelligent speed adaptation）、车辆扣押及酒精锁（Alcolock）。