Data_Sheet_1_Determinants of Task-Based Exposures to Alpha-Diketones in Coffee Roasting and Packaging Facilities Using a Bayesian Model Averaging Approach.DOCX

Coffee production workers can be exposed to inhalational hazards including alpha-diketones such as diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione. Exposure to diacetyl is associated with the development of occupational lung disease, including obliterative bronchiolitis, a rare and irreversible lung disease. We aimed to identify determinants contributing to task-based exposures to diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione at 17 U.S. coffee production facilities. We collected 606 personal short-term task-based samples including roasting (n = 189), grinding (n = 74), packaging (n = 203), quality control (QC, n = 44), flavoring (n = 15), and miscellaneous production/café tasks (n = 81), and analyzed for diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione in accordance with the modified OSHA Method 1013/1016. We also collected instantaneous activity-based (n = 296) and source (n = 312) samples using evacuated canisters. Information on sample-level and process-level determinants relating to production scale, sources of alpha-diketones, and engineering controls was collected. Bayesian mixed-effect regression models accounting for censored data were fit for overall data (all tasks) and specific tasks. Notable determinants identified in univariate analyses were used to fit all plausible models in multiple regression analysis which were summarized using a Bayesian model averaging method. Grinding, flavoring, packaging, and production tasks with ground coffee were associated with the highest short-term and instantaneous-activity exposures for both analytes. Highest instantaneous-sources of diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione included ground coffee, flavored coffee, liquid flavorings, and off-gassing coffee bins or packages. Determinants contributing to higher exposures to both analytes in all task models included sum of all open storage sources and average percent of coffee production as ground coffee. Additionally, flavoring ground coffee and flavoring during survey contributed to notably higher exposures for both analytes in most, but not all task groups. Alternatively, general exhaust ventilation contributed to lower exposures in all but two models. Additionally, among facilities that flavored, local exhaust ventilation during flavoring processes contributed to lower 2,3-pentanedione exposures during grinding and packaging tasks. Coffee production facilities can consider implementing additional exposure controls for processes, sources, and task-based determinants associated with higher exposures to diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione, such as isolating, enclosing, and directly exhausting grinders, flavoring mixers, and open storage of off-gassing whole bean and ground coffee, to reduce exposures and minimize risks for lung disease among workers.

咖啡生产作业人员可能暴露于多种吸入性危害物质，其中包括α-二酮类（alpha-diketones）化合物，如丁二酮（diacetyl）与2,3-戊二酮（2,3-pentanedione）。接触丁二酮与职业性肺病的发生存在关联，其中包括闭塞性细支气管炎（obliterative bronchiolitis）——一种罕见且不可逆的肺部疾病。本研究旨在明确美国17家咖啡生产设施内，与任务相关的丁二酮和2,3-戊二酮暴露的影响因素。本研究共收集606份个体短期任务采样样本，涵盖烘焙（n=189）、研磨（n=74）、包装（n=203）、质量控制（QC，n=44）、调香（n=15）及其他生产与咖啡吧相关作业（n=81），并依据改良的美国职业安全与健康管理局（OSHA）方法1013/1016（OSHA Method 1013/1016）对丁二酮和2,3-戊二酮进行检测分析。此外，本研究还通过真空采样罐（evacuated canisters）采集了296份瞬时活动采样样本与312份源头采样样本。研究人员收集了与样本层面和工序层面影响因素相关的信息，涵盖生产规模、α-二酮类物质的产生源头以及工程控制措施等。针对全任务类型数据集与特定任务数据集，分别构建了适配截尾数据（censored data）的贝叶斯混合效应回归模型。单变量分析中识别出的显著影响因素被用于构建所有合理的多元回归模型，并通过贝叶斯模型平均（Bayesian model averaging）方法对分析结果进行汇总。研究发现，研磨、调香、包装以及涉及研磨咖啡的生产作业，与两种分析物的最高短期暴露水平和瞬时活动暴露水平相关。丁二酮和2,3-戊二酮的最高瞬时暴露源头包括研磨咖啡、调味咖啡、液体香精以及释放挥发性物质的咖啡储槽或包装容器。在所有任务类型的模型中，与两种分析物更高暴露水平相关的影响因素包括所有开放式存储源头的总释放量以及研磨咖啡占总咖啡产量的平均百分比。此外，对研磨咖啡进行调香以及调查期间开展的调香作业，在多数（但并非全部）任务组中均与两种分析物的更高暴露水平显著相关。与之相反，全面通风（general exhaust ventilation）在除2个模型外的所有模型中均与更低的暴露水平相关。此外，在开展调香作业的生产设施中，调香工序期间采用的局部排风（local exhaust ventilation）可降低研磨和包装作业中2,3-戊二酮的暴露水平。咖啡生产企业可针对与丁二酮和2,3-戊二酮高暴露相关的工序、源头及任务类影响因素采取额外的暴露控制措施，例如对研磨机、调香混合设备进行隔离、封闭并直接排风，以及对释放挥发性物质的整粒咖啡豆和研磨咖啡的开放式存储环节进行管控，以降低作业人员的暴露水平，进而最小化其罹患职业性肺病的风险。