Table1_Sea buckthorn and its flavonoids isorhamnetin, quercetin, and kaempferol favorably influence bone and breast tissue health.docx

Bone tissue and breast tissue are interrelated, as demonstrated by breast microcalcifications, breast cancer bone metastases, bone morphogenetic proteins, and Wnt signaling. In addition, osteoblasts and osteoclasts represent an important switch of tumor cell dormancy during bone metastasis. Damage to both types of tissues mentioned above is highly prevalent, especially in postmenopausal women, and manifests itself in osteoporosis and breast cancer. Sea buckthorn (Elaeagnus rhamnoides L.), a botanical drug with high antioxidant, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and regenerative properties, has great therapeutic potential due to the unique composition of its bioactive metabolites. This review aimed to summarize the current knowledge from in vitro and in vivo studies on the effect of sea buckthorn, as well as its most widespread flavonoids isorhamnetin, quercetin, and kaempferol, on bone and breast tissue health. In vitro studies have revealed the beneficial impacts of sea buckthorn and aforementioned flavonoids on both bone health (bone remodeling, mineralization, and oxidative stress) and breast tissue health (cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis, tumor growth, and metastatic behavior). In vivo studies have documented their protective effects against disturbed bone microarchitecture and reduced bone strength in animal models of osteoporosis, as well as against tumor expansion and metastatic properties in animal xenograft models. In any case, further research and clinical trials are needed to carefully evaluate the potential therapeutic benefits of sea buckthorn and its flavonoids. Based on the available information, however, it can be concluded that these bioactive metabolites favorably affect both bone and breast tissue health.

骨组织与乳腺组织存在密切关联，乳腺微钙化、乳腺癌骨转移、骨形态发生蛋白（bone morphogenetic proteins）以及Wnt信号通路（Wnt signaling）均可佐证这一点。此外，成骨细胞（osteoblasts）与破骨细胞（osteoclasts）是肿瘤细胞在骨转移过程中进入休眠状态的关键调控开关。上述两类组织的损伤具有较高患病率，尤其在绝经后女性群体中更为常见，其临床表现主要为骨质疏松症与乳腺癌。
沙棘（Elaeagnus rhamnoides L.）作为一种植物药，具备卓越的抗氧化、抗肿瘤、抗炎、免疫调节及组织再生特性，其独特的生物活性代谢物组成使其具备巨大的治疗潜力。本综述旨在总结当前体外（in vitro）与体内（in vivo）研究中，沙棘及其被广泛研究的黄酮类化合物（flavonoids）——异鼠李素（isorhamnetin）、槲皮素（quercetin）与山奈酚（kaempferol）对骨与乳腺组织健康的影响相关研究进展。
体外研究已证实，沙棘及上述黄酮类化合物对骨健康（涵盖骨重建、矿化过程与氧化应激）与乳腺组织健康（涉及癌细胞增殖、细胞凋亡、肿瘤生长及转移行为）均具有有益作用。体内研究则证实，在骨质疏松症动物模型中，二者可改善紊乱的骨微结构并缓解骨强度降低的问题；在异种移植模型（xenograft models）动物实验中，其可抑制肿瘤增殖与转移特性，发挥保护作用。
尽管如此，仍需开展进一步研究与临床试验，以严谨评估沙棘及其黄酮类化合物的潜在治疗价值。但基于现有研究证据，可以认定这些生物活性代谢物对骨与乳腺组织健康均具有积极的调控作用。