Nepal-FRES: Helambu Hydrological Observatory (H2O) Data

Rainfall and streamflow monitoring has been conducted in the Helambu region of central Nepal as part of the \"Nepal-FRES\" (Frontier Research in Earth Sciences) project. This research has focused on the Melamchi Khola Valley. More information on this project can be found at the link in the \"Additional Metadata\" section below.

Rainfall measurements were made using tipping bucket gauges at 6 sites starting in 2022, with 2 additional sites added in 2024. Further details provided in metadata files associated with rainfall datasets.

Streamflow was measured in three tributaries to the Melamchi Khola, also beginning in 2022: the Bhatar Khola, the Jansing Khola, and the Kartik Khola. Streamflow measurements were made via stage level records generated by pressure transducers, calibrated by stage-discharge relationships. Further details are provided in the metadata associated with the streamflow datasets (pending review and public release as of July 2024).

Soil and paired air temperature data were collected beginning in 2022 at seven sites across a gradient in elevation along the eastern ridge of the valley.

Soil moisture measurements (with paired temperature data) started in 2024 at five sites and will be added here when available, together with any additional relevant datasets as they become available.

Multiple mapping datasets were associated with this project including maps of landslides and related mass movements during different time intervals, with one focus being on the 2021 Melamchi Flood.

As of 2024, measurements are continuing and will be updated periodically via version-updating of the datasets associated with this collection. Additional datasets beyond those described here will be added as new resources and described in an update to this Collection description.

本数据集为尼泊尔中部赫兰布地区的降雨与径流监测数据集，系「尼泊尔-地球科学前沿研究（Nepal-FRES, Frontier Research in Earth Sciences）」项目的组成部分，研究区域聚焦梅兰奇科拉河谷。有关本项目的更多信息可通过下文「附加元数据」板块中的链接获取。

自2022年起，研究团队在6个监测站点采用翻斗式雨量计（tipping bucket gauges）开展降雨观测，并于2024年新增2个监测站点。更多细节可查阅降雨数据集配套的元数据文件。

径流监测同样自2022年启动，覆盖梅兰奇科拉河的3条支流：巴塔尔科拉河（Bhatar Khola）、詹辛科拉河（Jansing Khola）与卡尔蒂克科拉河（Kartik Khola）。径流监测通过压力传感器（pressure transducers）采集水位数据，并基于水位-流量关系曲线（stage-discharge relationships）进行率定校准。径流数据集配套元数据中包含更多细节（截至2024年7月，该数据集仍处于审核待公开阶段）。

自2022年起，研究团队在河谷东岭沿海拔梯度布设的7个站点开展土壤与配套气温数据采集工作。

土壤湿度（配套同步气温数据）观测于2024年在5个站点启动，相关数据及后续获取的其他关联数据集将在可用时补充至本数据集。

本项目配套多份制图数据集，涵盖不同时段的滑坡及相关块体运动分布图，其中重点聚焦2021年梅兰奇洪水事件。

截至2024年，各项监测工作仍在持续推进，相关数据集将通过版本迭代定期更新。本说明未涵盖的新增数据集将在资源就绪后补充至本数据集集，并将在本数据集说明的后续更新版本中详细说明。