预防大流行的新兴疫苗技术概述

Overthepasttwodecades,pandemicpreparednesshasproventobecriticaltohealth,national,andeconomicsecurity.Now,countriesareinvestingbillionsofdollarsinvariouspandemicpreparednesstools,suchasvaccinesandbroad-spectrummedicalcountermeasures(MCM),toaddressthethreatsarisingfromoutbreaks.Thesetoolsnotonlyofferprotectionagainstnaturallyoccurringandaccidentalbiologicalincidentsbutcanalsohelpprovidesomeprotectionagainstdeliberatebiologicalattacks.Furthermore,pandemicpreparednesshassubstantialeconomicimplicationsforboththepublicandprivatesectorsbecauseofitsconnectionwiththebiotechnologyindustry,animportantcomponentoftheworldwideeconomy.Withsomanyaspectsofpandemicpreparednesstiedtopublichealth,nationalsecurity,andeconomiccompetition,understandingthekeytechnologyandpolicytrendsofthemajorcountrystakeholdersinthisspaceprovidesvaluableinsightsintopandemicpreparednessgapsandwaysofaddressingthem.ThisreportprovidesabriefcharacterizationofthetrendsandstrategicimplicationsassociatedwithspecificaspectsofpandemicpreparednessintheUnitedStates,China,andRussia.Theauthorsdiscussbothtechnicalandpolicyaspectsofvaccineconceptsandtechnologies,broad-spectrumMCM,andimmunizationfacilitation.

近二十年来，大流行病防范（pandemic preparedness）已被证实对公共卫生、国家安全与经济安全至关重要。当前，各国正投入数十亿美元用于各类大流行病防范工具的研发，例如疫苗与广谱医用应对措施（broad-spectrum medical countermeasures, MCM），以应对疫情暴发引发的各类威胁。此类工具不仅可防范自然发生与意外引发的生物事件，还能为抵御蓄意生物袭击提供一定防护能力。此外，由于大流行病防范与全球经济的重要组成部分——生物技术产业深度关联，其对公共与私营部门均具有显著的经济影响。鉴于大流行病防范的诸多环节均与公共卫生、国家安全及经济竞争息息相关，洞悉该领域主要国家利益相关方的核心技术与政策趋势，可为识别大流行病防范短板并制定应对方案提供宝贵视角。本报告简要梳理了美国、中国与俄罗斯在大流行病防范特定领域的发展趋势及战略影响，报告作者还探讨了疫苗概念与技术、广谱MCM以及免疫接种便利化的技术与政策维度。