TableS1-S11, Figure S1-S7, and Supplementary text for detrital zircons from northern Gondwana (20230122)

<strong>Supplementary Text</strong> <strong>S1: </strong>Detailed sample descriptions, analytical methods, and results. <strong>Table S1: </strong>U-Pb dating and REE data of detrital zircons from the Gangdese Mountains, southern Tibet. <strong>Table S2: </strong>U-Pb dating and REE data of detrital zircons from Earth’s major rivers. <strong>Table S3: </strong>Summary of detrital zircon data compiled for the comparison of the Lhasa terrane and its potential origins in Gondwana. <strong>Table S4: </strong>Summary of age, geochemical, and isotopic data of typical Precambrian to Early Paleozoic igneous rocks in the Lhasa terrane. <strong>Table S5: </strong>U-Pb dating, Hf-isotope, and REE data of detrital zircons from the Lhasa terrane. <strong>Table S6: </strong>U-Pb dating and Hf-isotope data of zircons from typical Precambrian to Early Paleozoic igneous rocks in the Lhasa terrane. <strong>Table S7: </strong>U-Pb dating, Hf-isotope, and REE data of detrital zircons from Africa. <strong>Table S8: </strong>U-Pb dating, Hf-isotope, and REE data of detrital zircons from India. <strong>Table S9: </strong>U-Pb dating, Hf-isotope, and REE data of detrital zircons from Australia. <strong>Table S10: </strong>Zircon REE data of typical ca. 1200-1000 Ma felsic igneous rocks (samples T30 and T18) in the Lhasa terrane. <strong>Table S11: </strong>U-Pb age, Hf-isotope, and REE analysis results of standard zircons. <strong>Fig.</strong> <strong>S1:</strong> Plots of REE vs. U-Pb ages, age distribution histograms, and plots of REE averages for the detrital zircons from the Earth’s major rivers (A and B) and Gangdese Mountains (C and D). REE is represented by LREE/HREE and Eu/Eu*. The data are available in Tables S1 and 2. The filtering rules and average calculating method of REE data are consistent with those in Fig. 1. <strong>Fig.</strong> <strong>S2:</strong> Photographs of the Precambrian to early Paleozoic sedimentary and felsic igneous rocks in the Lhasa terrane. <strong>Fig.</strong> <strong>S3:</strong> Photomicrographs of the Precambrian to early Paleozoic sedimentary and felsic igneous rocks in the Lhasa terrane. Qt = quartzite; Am = amphibolite; Q = quartz; Pl = plagioclase; Kfs = K-feldspar; L = lithics; Bt = biotite; M = muscovite. <strong>Fig.</strong> <strong>S4:</strong> Concordia plots and typical cathodoluminescence images of zircons from the magmatic rock samples analyzed in this study. Dashed circles indicate the locations of age and Hf-isotope analyses. The U-Pb ages and εHf(t) values are given for each spot. n = total number of analyses. 207Pb/206Pb and 206Pb/238U ages were used for calculating weighted mean ages of &gt; 1000 Ma and &lt; 1000 Ma samples, respectively. The zircon Th/U ratios (mostly &gt; 0.1) are shown to prove that the weighted mean ages reflect the magmatic crystallization ages of samples. The data are available in Table S6. <strong>Fig.</strong> <strong>S5:</strong> Concordia plots and typical cathodoluminescence images of detrital zircons from the samples analyzed in this study. Dashed circles indicate the locations of age, Hf-isotope, and REE analyses. The U-Pb ages and εHf(t) values are given for each spot. n = total number of analyses. The data filtering rules are consistent with those of Fig. 1. The data are available in Table S5. The age of the youngest magmatic zircon of each sample was shown to represent the upper limits of sample deposition age. <strong>Fig.</strong> <strong>S6:</strong> Plots of LREE/HREE vs. U-Pb ages, age distribution histograms, and plots of LREE/HREE means and medians for the detrital zircons from the Lhasa terrane and its potential origins in Gondwana. The data are available in Tables S5 and S7–9. The data filtering rules and average calculating method of REE data are consistent with those in Fig. 1. <strong>Fig.</strong> <strong>S7:</strong> Plots of Eu/Eu* vs. U-Pb ages, age distribution histograms, and plots of Eu/Eu* means and medians for the detrital zircons from the Lhasa terrane and its potential origins in Gondwana. The sources, data filtering rules, and average calculating method of Eu/Eu* data are consistent with those of LREE/HREE in Fig. S6.

补充材料 S1：详细样品描述、分析方法与结果。
表S1：西藏南部冈底斯山脉（Gangdese Mountains）碎屑锆石U-Pb定年及稀土元素（Rare Earth Element, REE）数据。
表S2：全球主要河流碎屑锆石U-Pb定年及稀土元素数据。
表S3：用于对比拉萨地体（Lhasa terrane）及其冈瓦纳（Gondwana）潜在源区的碎屑锆石数据汇总。
表S4：拉萨地体典型前寒武纪至早古生代火成岩的年龄、地球化学及同位素数据汇总。
表S5：拉萨地体碎屑锆石U-Pb定年、Hf同位素及稀土元素数据。
表S6：拉萨地体典型前寒武纪至早古生代火成岩中锆石的U-Pb定年及Hf同位素数据。
表S7：非洲碎屑锆石U-Pb定年、Hf同位素及稀土元素数据。
表S8：印度碎屑锆石U-Pb定年、Hf同位素及稀土元素数据。
表S9：澳大利亚碎屑锆石U-Pb定年、Hf同位素及稀土元素数据。
表S10：拉萨地体典型约1200~1000 Ma长英质火成岩（样品T30与T18）的锆石稀土元素数据。
表S11：标准锆石U-Pb年龄、Hf同位素及稀土元素分析结果。
图S1：全球主要河流（A、B组）及冈底斯山脉（C、D组）碎屑锆石的稀土元素与U-Pb年龄关系图、年龄分布直方图及稀土元素平均值图。本文以轻稀土/重稀土比值（LREE/HREE）与铕异常值（Eu/Eu*）表征稀土元素特征。相关数据见表S1与表S2。稀土元素数据的筛选规则与平均值计算方法与图1一致。
图S2：拉萨地体前寒武纪至早古生代沉积岩与长英质火成岩照片。
图S3：拉萨地体前寒武纪至早古生代沉积岩与长英质火成岩显微照片。其中Qt代表石英岩；Am代表角闪岩；Q代表石英；Pl代表斜长石；Kfs代表钾长石；L代表岩屑；Bt代表黑云母；M代表白云母。
图S4：本研究分析的岩浆岩样品中锆石的协和年龄图与典型阴极发光图像。虚线圆圈表示年龄与Hf同位素分析点位。每个分析点均标注了U-Pb年龄及εHf(t)值。n为总分析点数。对于年龄大于1000 Ma的样品，采用²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb年龄计算加权平均年龄；年龄小于1000 Ma的样品则采用²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U年龄。锆石Th/U比值（多数大于0.1）用于证明加权平均年龄反映了样品的岩浆结晶年龄。相关数据见表S6。
图S5：本研究分析样品中碎屑锆石的协和年龄图与典型阴极发光图像。虚线圆圈表示年龄、Hf同位素及稀土元素分析点位。每个分析点均标注了U-Pb年龄及εHf(t)值。n为总分析点数。数据筛选规则与图1一致。相关数据见表S5。以每个样品中最年轻的岩浆锆石年龄代表样品沉积年龄的上限。
图S6：拉萨地体及其冈瓦纳潜在源区碎屑锆石的LREE/HREE与U-Pb年龄关系图、年龄分布直方图及LREE/HREE平均值与中位数图。相关数据见表S5及表S7~S9。稀土元素数据的筛选规则与平均值计算方法与图1一致。
图S7：拉萨地体及其冈瓦纳潜在源区碎屑锆石的Eu/Eu*与U-Pb年龄关系图、年龄分布直方图及Eu/Eu*平均值与中位数图。Eu/Eu*数据的来源、筛选规则及平均值计算方法与图S6中的LREE/HREE一致。