Replication data for: Strike Three: Discrimination, Incentives, and Evaluation

Major League Baseball umpires express their racial/ethnic preferences when they evaluate pitchers. Strikes are called less often if the umpire and pitcher do not match race/ethnicity, but mainly where there is little scrutiny of umpires. Pitchers understand the incentives and throw pitches that allow umpires less subjective judgment (e.g., fastballs over home plate) when they anticipate bias. These direct and indirect effects bias performance measures of minorities downward. The results suggest how discrimination alters discriminated groups' behavior generally. They imply that biases in measured productivity must be accounted for in generating measures of wage discrimination. (JEL J15, J31, J44, J71, L83)

美国职业棒球大联盟（Major League Baseball）的裁判在评判投手时，会显露出其种族/族裔偏好。当裁判与投手的种族/族裔不匹配时，裁判判定好球的概率更低，且这一现象主要出现在对裁判监督较少的赛事场景中。投手会洞悉这一激励逻辑，并在预判存在判罚偏见时，选择投出让裁判更难做出主观判断的球（例如落在本垒板上方的快速球）。上述直接与间接效应会拉低少数群体投手的表现评估得分。本研究结果揭示了歧视通常会如何改变受歧视群体的行为模式，同时意味着，在构建工资歧视的评估指标时，必须将生产率测算中存在的偏见纳入考量。(JEL J15, J31, J44, J71, L83)