Survey Report - Casey Station, Antarctica, 1978 - by Peter Quinn

Survey report for Casey Station, 1978, by Peter Quinn.Taken from the survey report:Purpose:- To provide survey expertise for the Glaciology Traverses south of Casey.- To do survey work for the building program as required by the Antarctic Division.- To establish new control stations in the Windmill Islands.Project SummaryThe major survey events are summarised below. The remaining time was spent in preparations for the events and generally helping in the maintenance of the station.Commonwealth Bay18-19 Jan, 1978 The JMR was run on Bage's Astro site for 20 huors. This site was connected to a bench-mark adjacent to Mawson's Hut: vertically by trig levelling and horizontally by a sun azimuth. Horizontal angles were read from the bench-mark to various local features.Autumn Traverse15 March - 23 May 1978 The first traverse was under-taken chiefly as a fuel-depot establishment exercise for the spring traverse. The 1975 fuel-depots at B021, A024 and A034 were re-established. JMR observations were taken at all major stops, ice radar and accumulation and gravity observations were taken along the journey. A new JMR station, V150, was established fifty kilometres south of A034, and a strain grid placed and measured here too. Some seventy odd drums of A.T.K. were added to the depot at A034 leaving a total of one hundred and eighteen for use on the later traverse. The trip proved an excellent learning experience for the members of the party.New Site Surveys28 May - 20 Aug (not continuous) 1978 This was a stadia survey undertaken for the Antarctic Division on a site near Casey. The contour interval was 1 metre. Control was introduced from the local network by resection. Available daylight was down to one hour at one stage so the work progressed slowly. Assistance from the station personnel was required; the normal operating team consisted of two staffmen and one booker. The stadia observations were reduced using a HP65 and spot heights plotted at 1:500 scale. The completed contour map was photographed and sent to Melbourne by a facsimile radio technique.Swain Islands Geodetic Survey27 June to 23 August (not inclusive) 1978 and 19-21 Jan 1979. Five trig stations were established in the Swain Islands. The stations consisted of a 1.4 metre length of .05 metre steel snowpole cemented into the rock. Tellurometer measurements were made to connect the stations to each other and to the existing Casey - Wilkins network, and the fixes were strengthened by T3 theodolite measurements in the summer.Spring Traverse6 September to 23 December 1978 This was the major event of the year - a traverse of 2300 kilometres taking 110 days. The chief purpose was to extend the IAGP network established in 1975 southward to a point which crossed the Russian Traverse line from Mirny to Dome C. Cones were placed every two kilometres south of A034, with JMR stations at intervals of fifty kilometres. Gravity readings were made at each cone, ice radar depth and barometric heights recorded continuously along the way. Strain grids were placed at V300 and V450 and tellurometer measurements of all arms and the perimeter made. The requirement for at least twenty precise passes meant a stay of forty-eight hours at JMR stations. The party consisted of two independent traverse teams so often two sets of Doppler observations were taken concurrently.To navigate an astro-compass and odometer were used enabling a dead reckoned position at any instant to be computed. As an origin for these D.R. positions each JMR station was fixed by position lines on the sun, the moon or stars.

1978年凯西站调查报告，彼得·奎因著

摘自该调查报告：

目的：
- 为凯西站以南的冰川学考察（Glaciology Traverses）提供测量专业支持
- 根据南极分部要求，为建筑项目开展测量工作
- 在风车群岛建立新的控制点

项目摘要
以下概述了主要测量活动。其余时间用于活动筹备及站内日常维护协助工作。

联邦湾
1978年1月18-19日 JMR在巴奇天文观测点运行20小时。该站点通过三角水准测量（trig levelling）（垂直方向）和太阳方位角（sun azimuth）（水平方向）与莫森小屋附近的基准点相连。水平角从基准点观测至各局部地物。

秋季考察
1978年3月15日至5月23日 首次考察主要为春季考察开展燃料库建设工作。重建了1975年在B021、A024及A034处设立的燃料库。所有主要停留点均进行JMR观测，沿途开展冰雷达、积雪量及重力观测。在A034以南50公里处新建JMR站点V150，并在此布设及测量应变网格（strain grid）。向A034燃料库补充约70余桶ATK，剩余118桶供后续考察使用。此次行程为队员提供了宝贵的学习机会。

新站点测量
1978年5月28日至8月20日（非连续） 为南极分部在凯西站附近站点开展视距测量（stadia survey）。等高距1米。通过后方交会法（resection）从本地控制网引入控制点。曾一度白昼时长仅1小时，导致工作进展缓慢。需站内人员协助；常规作业团队由两名工作人员及一名记录员组成。使用HP65计算器处理视距观测数据，并以1:500比例尺绘制高程点。完成的等高线图经拍摄后，通过无线电传真技术发送至墨尔本。

斯温群岛大地测量
1978年6月27日至8月23日（不含）及1979年1月19-21日 在斯温群岛设立5个三角测量站（trig stations）。各站点由一根长1.4米、直径0.05米的钢制雪杆（steel snowpole）固定于岩石中构成。通过Tellurometer测量实现站点间及与现有凯西-威尔金斯控制网的连接，并在夏季通过T3经纬仪测量增强点位固定。

春季考察
1978年9月6日至12月23日 这是本年度核心活动——为期110天、全程2300公里的考察。主要目的是将1975年建立的IAGP网络向南延伸至与俄罗斯从米尔尼到冰穹C的考察路线交汇点。在A034以南每2公里布设锥形标志，每50公里设立JMR站点。每个锥形标志处均进行重力读数，沿途持续记录冰雷达深度及气压高度。在V300及V450处布设应变网格，并通过Tellurometer测量所有边及周长。至少20次精确观测的要求意味着需在JMR站点停留48小时。考察队由两个独立小组组成，因此常同时进行两组多普勒观测（Doppler observations）。

导航采用天文罗盘（astro-compass）及里程表，可实时计算推测航迹位置（dead reckoned position）。作为推测航迹（D.R.，即dead reckoned）位置的原点，每个JMR站点通过太阳、月球或恒星的位置线进行固定。