Patterns of recent natural selection on genetic loci associated with sexually differentiated human body size and shape phenotypes

Levels of sex differences for human body size and shape phenotypes are hypothesized to have adaptively reduced following the agricultural transition as part of an evolutionary response to relatively more equal divisions of labor and new technology adoption. In this study, we tested this hypothesis by studying genetic variants associated with five sexually differentiated human phenotypes: height, body mass, hip circumference, body fat percentage, and waist circumference. We first analyzed genome-wide association (GWAS) results for UK Biobank individuals (~197,000 females and ~167,000 males) to identify a total of 119,023 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) significantly associated with at least one of the studied phenotypes in females, males, or both sexes (P<5x10-8). From these loci we then identified 3,016 SNPs (2.5%) with significant differences in the strength of association between the female- and male-specific GWAS results at a low false-discovery rate (FDR<0.001). Genes w...

关于人类体型和体貌表型（phenotypes）的性别差异程度，有假说认为其在农业转型后发生了适应性降低，这是对相对更平等的劳动分工与新技术应用的进化响应的一部分。在本研究中，我们通过研究与五种存在性别差异的人类表型相关的遗传变异来验证这一假说，这些表型包括身高、体重、臀围、体脂率和腰围。我们首先分析了英国生物银行（UK Biobank）个体（约197,000名女性和167,000名男性）的全基因组关联分析（GWAS）结果，以识别出共119,023个单核苷酸多态性位点（SNPs），这些位点在女性、男性或两性中与至少一种研究表型显著相关（P<5×10⁻⁸）。随后，我们从这些位点中识别出3016个SNPs（占2.5%），其在女性和男性特异性GWAS结果中的关联强度存在显著差异，且假发现率较低（FDR<0.001）。基因w...