The spread of agriculture in eastern Asia - Supplementary tables

Millets and rice were important for the demographic history of China. This review draws on current archaeobotanical evidence for rice and millets across China, Korea, eastern Russia, Taiwan, Mainland southeast Asia, and Japan, taking a critical approach to dating evidence, evidence for cultivation, and morphological domestication. There is no evidence to suggest that millets and rice were domesticated simultaneously within a single region. Instead, 5 regions of north China are candidates for independent early cultivation of millets that led to domestication, and 3 regions of the Yangtze basin are candidates for separate rice domestication trajectories. The integration of rice and millet into a single agricultural system took place ca. 4000bc, and after this the spread of agricultural systems and population growth are in evidence. The most striking evidence for agricultural dispersal and population growth took place between 3000 and 2500bc, which has implications for major language dispersals.

粟、黍类杂粮与水稻对中国的人口历史具有重要意义。本综述依托中国、朝鲜、俄罗斯远东地区、中国台湾、东南亚大陆及日本境内当前已发表的考古植物学（archaeobotanical）证据，围绕测年证据、栽培证据与形态驯化证据展开批判性分析。目前尚无证据表明粟类杂粮与水稻曾在单一区域内同时完成驯化。与之相反，华北地区有5个区域被认为是早期独立栽培粟类杂粮并最终实现驯化的候选区域；长江流域则有3个区域可能各自独立演化出水稻驯化路径。约公元前4000年，水稻与粟类杂粮被整合为统一的农业生产体系；在此之后，农业体系的传播与人口增长均有明确考古证据支撑。农业扩散与人口增长的最显著证据出现在公元前3000年至公元前2500年之间，这一现象与大型语言群落的扩散存在关联。