Wages in the Mangueirinha Indigenous Land: Guarani and Kaingang strategies

Abstract: Indigenous peoples in Brazil are undergoing transformations since the colonization period, when the contact with the European caused a cultural hybridization process. Currently, the traditional indigenous livelihood seeks strategies for cultural assimilation while trying to resist and preserve its identity with the surrounding society. In this new economic format, in which indigenous peoples increasingly need the use of money, and, given the few options for obtaining income within the Indigenous Land (TI), the most common use has been to seek additional income outside its territory. Thus, this study aimed to analyze the strategies and consequences of the wage process of Kaingang and Guarani people in IT Mangueirinha, PR. Therefore, the research sought to interview bookies, indigenous leaders, and workers who fall within the indigenous wage process. In the end, we realized that these Indigenous leaders have a significant role in the formal salaried employment process of the Indigenous, as well as we identified different responses of the process, according to the culture involved.

摘要：巴西原住民自殖民时代起便历经变革——彼时与欧洲人的接触催生了文化混融进程。当前，传统原住民生计模式在寻求文化同化策略的同时，也在尝试抵御周遭社会的影响并维系自身文化认同。在这种新经济形态下，原住民愈发依赖货币流通，且由于原住民领地（Indigenous Land，缩写TI）内的收入渠道极为有限，最普遍的选择便是前往领地之外谋求额外收入。为此，本研究旨在分析位于巴拉那州（PR）曼盖里尼亚TI领地的卡因冈（Kaingang）与瓜拉尼（Guarani）族群的工薪就业策略及其后果。本研究通过采访参与原住民工薪就业流程的劳务中介、原住民领袖与工人展开调研。最终我们发现，这些原住民领袖在原住民正规工薪就业流程中扮演着关键角色，同时也识别出，结合不同文化背景，该就业流程会呈现出各异的应对反馈。