Long-term sea surface temperature measurements from the Leigh Marine Laboratory, northern New Zealand

<b>Overview</b>Daily sea surface temperature (SST) measurements have been taken at &lt;2 m depth at Goat Island, northeastern New Zealand, adjacent to the University of Auckland’s Leigh Marine Laboratory since 1967. The location is an open rocky coast in the outer part of the Hauraki Gulf that is exposed to wind and swells from the northeast direction.The measurements were originally taken manually at 9am each day from the rocky shore (36 16.125 S; 174 47.996 E) using a bucket and thermometer. Since 2011, measurements have been taken by means of an electronic data logger (HOBO Water Temp Pro v2) attached ~1m below the surface to a mooring located approximately 200m offshore from the original sampling site (36 16.010 S; 174 48.070 E) on a sandy bottom ~12 m depth. The daily data set is mostly complete but there are some gaps, with the largest gap of 159 days occurring between the cessation of manual measurements and start of automated measurements (Cook et al. 2022). To allow analysis of long-term trends in the data set, these gaps have been infilled using a number of approaches (Shears et al In review; Shears and Bowen 2017; Cook et al. 2022).This data collection includes the following three files that are explained in more detail below:LeighSST_Manual_1967-2011.csvLeighSST_Automated_2011-present_updated_29-01-2024.csv [updated periodically]LeighSST_Infilled_1967-2023_updated_29-01-2024.csv<b>1. Manual daily SST measurements from 1967-2011 </b>[LeighSST_Manual_1967-2011.csv]This file contains the original daily measurements taken manually at 9 am from the rocky shore from 1st January 1967 to 30th April 2011. Daily measurements involved collecting a seawater from the shore, using a bucket on a rope lowered to ~2 m depth, and then measuring the temperature (±0.1^oC) with a calibrated mercury thermometer. When the ocean was too rough to safely access the shore measurements were taken from the nearby beach. The dataset is also available at http://hdl.handle.net/2292/20612<b>2. Automated SST measurements from 2011 to present </b>[LeighSST_Automated_2011-present_updated_29-01-2024.csv]This data set includes either hourly or half-hourly measurements of sea temperature since 7th October 2011 from the temperature logger located 1m below the surface at coordinates: 36 16.010 S; 174 48.070 E. There are two gaps in 2013 and 2014 when the mooring was lost and a period from 15/2/2023 to 1/3/2023 when the mooring sunk during Cyclone Gabrielle and the logger was on the seafloor at ~12 m depth.The logger is collected and downloaded every 2-3 months and this file will be updated periodically with the new data.Data from 2011 to 2014 is also available at http://hdl.handle.net/2292/25315<b>3. Daily infilled SST data set from 1967-2023 </b>[LeighSST_Infilled_1967-2023_updated_29-01-2024.csv]This data set provides a continuous daily record of SST at 9am at Leigh from 1967 to 2023. This includes the original manual measurements (1967-2011), daily 9 am values extracted from the logger data (2011-2023; rounded to 1dp for consistency with long-term data), and gaps in the time series infilled using a variety of methods. The infilled data set of Cook et al. (2022) was used to account for gaps in the daily data up until October 2011. This involved linear interpolation to fill short gaps (≤10 days) in the record and estimates from satellite-derived SST (European Space Agency Climate Change Initiative) to fill the large gap (159 days) between 1/5/2011 and 6/10/2011. Two gaps since 2011 (6/3/2013 – 13/6/2013 and 26/2/2014 – 20/5/2014) due to mooring loss were infilled using 9 am values from a nearby temperature logger (~600 m to the west; 36°15.96′S; 174°47.80′E; as in Shears and Bowen 2017).This data set has been analyzed in Shears et al (In review).<b>References</b>Cook F, Smith RO, Roughan M, Cullen NJ, Shears NT, Bowen M. 2022. Marine heatwaves in shallow coastal ecosystems are coupled with the atmosphere: insights from half a century of daily in situ temperature records. Frontiers in Climate. 4:207.Shears NT, Bowen MM. 2017. Half a century of coastal temperature records reveal complex warming trends in western boundary currents. Scientific Reports. 7:1–9.Shears NT, Bowen MM, Thoral F. In review. Long-term warming and record-breaking marine heatwaves in the Hauraki Gulf, northern New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research<br>

<b>概述</b>自1967年起，新西兰东北部山羊岛（Goat Island）毗邻奥克兰大学利海洋实验室（Leigh Marine Laboratory）的海域，在水深不足2米处开展了每日海表温度（SST）测量。该地点位于豪拉基湾（Hauraki Gulf）外缘的开阔岩岸，暴露于东北方向的风和涌浪中。最初，每日上午9点从岩岸（36 16.125 S；174 47.996 E）通过桶和温度计手动测量；2011年起，改用电子数据记录仪（HOBO Water Temp Pro v2）自动测量，仪器固定于原采样点离岸约200米处（36 16.010 S；174 48.070 E）的沙质海底约12米水深处，探头距海面约1米。数据集基本完整，但存在部分缺口，其中最大缺口为159天，介于手动测量终止与自动测量启动之间（Cook等，2022）。为便于分析数据集中的长期趋势，已通过多种方法填补这些缺口（Shears等，审稿中；Shears和Bowen，2017；Cook等，2022）。本数据集合包含以下三个文件，详情如下：LeighSST_Manual_1967-2011.csv、LeighSST_Automated_2011-present_updated_29-01-2024.csv [定期更新]、LeighSST_Infilled_1967-2023_updated_29-01-2024.csv

<b>1. 1967-2011年手动每日SST测量数据</b>[LeighSST_Manual_1967-2011.csv]该文件包含1967年1月1日至2011年4月30日期间，每日上午9点从岩岸手动采集的原始数据。测量方法为：用系绳桶从约2米水深取水，使用校准汞温度计测量温度（精度±0.1^℃）。若海面过于汹涌无法安全接近岩岸，则从附近海滩采集数据。该数据集亦可通过http://hdl.handle.net/2292/20612获取

<b>2. 2011年至今自动SST测量数据</b>[LeighSST_Automated_2011-present_updated_29-01-2024.csv]本数据集包含2011年10月7日以来，位于海面下1米处（坐标：36 16.010 S；174 48.070 E）的温度记录仪采集的每小时或半小时海温数据。2013年和2014年因锚系丢失存在两处缺口，2023年2月15日至3月1日期间，飓风加布里埃尔（Cyclone Gabrielle）导致锚系沉没，记录仪落至约12米深的海底，此期间亦存在数据缺口。记录仪每2-3个月回收并下载数据，本文件将定期更新新增数据。2011-2014年数据亦可通过http://hdl.handle.net/2292/25315获取

<b>3. 1967-２０２３年每日填补后SST数据集</b>[LeighSST_Infilled_1967-2023_updated_29-01-2024.csv]本数据集提供1967-2023年利地区每日上午9点的连续SST记录，包含原始手动测量数据（1967-2011）、从记录仪数据中提取的每日上午9点值（2011-2023；为与长期数据一致，四舍五入至1位小数），以及通过多种方法填补的时间序列缺口。Cook等（2022）的填补数据集用于处理截至2011年10月的每日数据缺口：短期缺口（≤10天）采用线性插值填补，2011年5月1日至10月6日期间的159天大缺口则利用卫星反演SST（欧洲空间局气候变化倡议数据）填补。2011年后因锚系丢失产生的两处缺口（2013年3月6日-6月13日、2014年2月26日-5月20日），采用附近（西侧约600米处，坐标：36°15.96′S；174°47.80′E）温度记录仪的上午9点数据填补（如Shears和Bowen，2017所述）。本数据集已在Shears等（审稿中）的研究中得到分析

<b>参考文献</b>Cook F, Smith RO, Roughan M, Cullen NJ, Shears NT, Bowen M. 2022．浅海沿岸生态系统中的海洋热浪与大气耦合：基于半个世纪每日原位温度记录的洞见．Frontiers in Climate．4:207．Shears NT, Bowen MM．2017．半个世纪的沿岸温度记录揭示西边界流的复杂变暖趋势．Scientific Reports．7:1–9．Shears NT, Bowen MM, Thoral F．审稿中．新西兰北部豪拉基湾的长期变暖和破纪录海洋热浪．New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research<br>