Data for: Comparing PV-green and PV-cool roofs to diverse rooftop options using decision analysis

Flat roofs can employ a range of technologies to improve sustainability, such as photovoltaic (PV) panels, green roofs, cool roofs, or a combination of these options. Yet, weighing the benefits, costs, and performance of different roofing technologies is complex, especially when different stakeholders are involved. Decision analysis techniques, such as multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA), can be used to systematically evaluate a diverse range of rooftop options to assess trade-offs in a quantitative way and avoid decision biases. This study offers a holistic comparison of different roof types, considering stakeholder preferences and uncertainty using MCDA. Ten flat roof options are compared, including black, gravel, cool, extensive green and semi-intensive green roofs, each with or without a rooftop PV installation, for nine objectives and three hypothetical stakeholder profiles. Performance is evaluated using building energy simulation, hydrologic modeling, and literature research. Uncertainty analyses are used to evaluate the effects of model assumptions on the MCDA results. For assumed preferences of an urban planner and environmentalist, semi-intensive green roofs with integrated PV installation are the best performing option; however, for a hypothetical building owner more concerned with costs, a gravel roof with PV ranks best. Uncertainty plays a role in the results, in particular, the uncertainty of the predicted outcome of options for the building owner, which can change the top-ranking options considerably. The uncertainty analyses are useful to identify consensus options over all three stakeholder types. Despite considerable uncertainty, extensive and semi-intensive green roofs with PV are recommended as relatively robust best-performing options.

平顶屋面可采用多种技术以提升可持续性，例如光伏（PV）面板、绿色屋顶、冷屋顶，或上述技术的组合方案。然而，权衡不同屋面技术的效益、成本与性能并非易事，当涉及不同利益相关方（stakeholders）时，其复杂性尤为凸显。多准则决策分析（multi-criteria decision analysis, MCDA）等决策分析技术，可用于系统性评估多样化的屋面方案，以量化方式权衡利弊并规避决策偏差。本研究借助多准则决策分析（MCDA），综合考量利益相关方偏好与不确定性因素，对各类屋面类型开展全面比较。本研究共对比10种平顶屋面方案，涵盖黑色屋面、砾石屋面、冷屋顶、粗放型绿色屋顶及半集约型绿色屋顶，每种方案均分别设置配备与不配备屋面光伏系统两种工况；同时针对9项评价目标与3类假设性利益相关方画像展开分析。研究通过建筑能耗模拟（building energy simulation）、水文建模（hydrologic modeling）与文献调研开展性能评估，并借助不确定性分析，探究模型假设对多准则决策分析（MCDA）结果的影响。针对城市规划师与环保主义者的假设偏好，集成光伏系统的半集约型绿色屋顶为最优方案；而对于更关注成本的假设性建筑业主而言，配备光伏系统的砾石屋面则位列榜首。不确定性对结果存在显著影响，尤其是建筑业主视角下的方案预测结果不确定性，该不确定性可大幅改变排名靠前的方案。不确定性分析有助于识别适用于全部三类利益相关方的共识性方案。尽管存在较大不确定性，集成光伏系统的粗放型与半集约型绿色屋顶仍被推荐为相对稳健的最优方案。