Arctic Biodiversity

<font size='2'><span style='color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: '>Circumpolar map of all polar bear subpopulation as recognized by the IUCN/Polar Bear Specialist Group in 2009 (PBSG 2010a). Total area covered = 24 mill. km(2).</span><br /><span style='color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: '>Vongraven, D and Peacock, E. Development of a pan-Arctic monitoring plan for polar bears:background paper. </span><br /><span style='color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: '>Published in the Arctic Biodiversity trends 2010, Indicator #01 - </span><span style='color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: '> released in May 2010</span></font><div><span style='line-height: 20px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);'><font size='2'><br /></font></span></div><div><span style='line-height: 20px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);'><font size='2'><span style='font-family: '>A total of 95 areas of heightened ecological significance have been identified within the Arctic LMEs. The areas were identified primarily on the basis of their ecological importance to fish, birds and/or mammals, as these species are the most widely studied Arctic groups. The majority of areas identified are used by birds (85) and marine mammals (81), with a lower number used by fish (40, most of them spawning areas). About 70 areas are used both by birds and mammals, and only two of the areas identified are used only by fish.The areas of heightened ecological significance comprise a total area of about 12 million km2, or more than half the total area of the ice-covered part of the marine Arctic. The areas are generally not homogenous but comprise subareas used by fish, birds or mammals. Based on the approach used, subareas were identified separately for fish, birds, and mammals, or information on the use of the larger areas by these groups was summarized. The subareas often overlap and are also often used by two or more species of birds or mammals, such as for breeding in seabird colonies or for staging by waterfowl and shorebirds. Information on species present and the times and purposes of use are given in summary tables for each LME. Thus, while the areas identified as being of heightened ecological significance cover a large total area, this is the aggregate area used over all seasons throughout the year. The area used at any one time is lower due to the strong seasonal pattern in the annual migratory cycles of fish, birds and mammals.</span><br /></font></span></div><div><span style='line-height: 20px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);'><span style='font-family: '><font size='2'><br /></font></span></span></div><div><span style='line-height: 20px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);'><font size='2'><span style='font-family: '>Distribution and observed trends of wild Rangifer populations throughout the circumpolar Arctic (from The Circum Arctic Rangifer Monitoring and Assessment Network, CARMA). Note: Wild boreal forest reindeer have not been mapped by CARMA and thus are not represented here.</span><br /><span style='font-family: '>Published in the Arctic Biodiversity Trends 2010 - Selected indicators of change, INDICATOR #02 - released in 2010</span><span style='font-family: '><br /></span></font></span></div><div><span style='line-height: 20px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);'><span style='font-family: '><font size='2'><br /></font></span></span></div><div><span style='font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: '><span style='font-family: '><br /></span></span></div>

2009年国际自然保护联盟（IUCN）/北极熊专家组（Polar Bear Specialist Group, PBSG）认定的所有北极熊亚种群环极分布图（PBSG 2010a）。总覆盖面积为2400万平方千米。

作者：Vongraven D与Peacock E。《北极熊泛北极监测计划制定：背景报告》。发表于2010年《北极生物多样性趋势》，指标#01——2010年5月发布

北极大海洋生态系（Large Marine Ecosystems, LMEs）内共计识别出95处生态重要性突出区域。该类区域的识别主要基于其对鱼类、鸟类及/或哺乳动物的生态价值，而上述类群是北极地区研究最为广泛的生物类群。已识别的区域中，多数为鸟类（85处）与海洋哺乳动物（81处）的栖息活动区域，仅较少部分为鱼类所用（40处，其中多数为产卵场）。约70处区域同时被鸟类与哺乳动物利用，仅有2处区域仅为鱼类所使用。上述生态重要性突出区域的总面积约为1200万平方千米，占北极海洋冰封海域总面积的一半以上。该类区域整体并非均质分布，而是由鱼类、鸟类或哺乳动物的专属子区域构成。基于本次采用的研究方法，研究人员分别针对鱼类、鸟类与哺乳动物识别了对应的子区域，或对各生物类群在更大区域内的利用情况进行了汇总。子区域之间往往存在重叠，且常被两种及以上的鸟类或哺乳动物物种所利用，例如海鸟群落的繁殖区域，或是水禽与滨鸟的中途停歇区域。各LME的汇总表格中均列出了区域内的物种信息、利用时间与用途。因此，尽管被认定为生态重要性突出的区域总面积可观，但该数值为全年各季节利用区域的总和；由于鱼类、鸟类与哺乳动物的年度迁徙周期存在显著的季节性规律，任意单一时间点实际被利用的区域面积会小于该总和。

环北极地区野生驯鹿（Rangifer）种群的分布与观测到的种群趋势（数据源自环北极驯鹿监测与评估网络（Circum Arctic Rangifer Monitoring and Assessment Network, CARMA））。备注：CARMA未对野生北方森林驯鹿进行制图，因此本数据未涵盖该类群。

本内容发表于2010年《北极生物多样性趋势：变化精选指标》，指标#02——2010年发布