Data_Sheet_1_The Molecular Basis of Kale Domestication: Transcriptional Profiling of Developing Leaves Provides New Insights Into the Evolution of a Brassica oleracea Vegetative Morphotype.zip

Morphotypes of Brassica oleracea are the result of a dynamic interaction between genes that regulate the transition between vegetative and reproductive stages and those that regulate leaf morphology and plant architecture. In kales, ornate leaves, extended vegetative phase, and nutritional quality are some of the characters potentially selected by humans during domestication. We used a combination of developmental studies and transcriptomics to understand the vegetative domestication syndrome of kale. To identify candidate genes that are responsible for the evolution of domestic kale, we searched for transcriptome-wide differences among three vegetative B. oleracea morphotypes. RNA-seq experiments were used to understand the global pattern of expressed genes during a mixture of stages at one time in kale, cabbage, and the rapid cycling kale line TO1000. We identified gene expression patterns that differ among morphotypes and estimate the contribution of morphotype-specific gene expression that sets kale apart (3958 differentially expressed genes). Differentially expressed genes that regulate the vegetative to reproductive transition were abundant in all morphotypes. Genes involved in leaf morphology, plant architecture, defense, and nutrition were differentially expressed in kale. This allowed us to identify a set of candidate genes we suggest may be important in the kale domestication syndrome. Understanding candidate genes responsible for kale domestication is of importance to ultimately improve Cole crop production.

甘蓝（Brassica oleracea）的各类形态型，是由调控营养生长与生殖生长阶段转换的基因，与调控叶片形态及植株结构的基因动态互作共同造就的。在羽衣甘蓝中，叶片形态华丽、营养生长期延长以及营养品质优异等性状，均为人类在驯化过程中可能选择的目标性状。本研究结合发育生物学分析与转录组学手段，解析羽衣甘蓝的营养生长驯化综合征。为筛选调控羽衣甘蓝驯化演化的候选基因，我们对三种营养生长型的甘蓝（Brassica oleracea）形态型开展了全转录组水平的表达差异分析。针对羽衣甘蓝、普通卷心菜以及快循环羽衣甘蓝品系TO1000，我们通过RNA测序（RNA-seq）实验，一次性解析其混合发育阶段的基因全局表达模式。本研究鉴定出了不同形态型间存在差异的基因表达模式，并评估了使羽衣甘蓝区别于其他形态型的形态型特异基因表达的贡献（共鉴定出3958个差异表达基因）。调控营养生长向生殖生长转换的差异表达基因，在所有形态型中均大量富集。羽衣甘蓝中，参与叶片形态构建、植株结构调控、防御反应以及营养代谢的基因均呈现差异表达。基于上述结果，我们筛选出了一批在羽衣甘蓝驯化综合征中发挥关键作用的候选基因。解析调控羽衣甘蓝驯化的候选基因，对于最终提升芸苔属作物（Cole crop）的生产效率具有重要意义。