Table_4_Distinct Gut Microbiota and Metabolite Profiles Induced by Different Feeding Methods in Healthy Chinese Infants.XLSX

Human milk is closely correlated with infant gut microbiota and is important for infant development. However, most infants receive exclusively insufficient breast milk, and the discordance between effects of commercial formula and human milk exists. To elucidate the differences induced by various feeding methods, we determined microbiota and metabolites composition in fecal samples from 77 healthy infants in Northeast China and identified the differences in various feeding methods. Bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis demonstrated that the fecal samples of exclusively breastfed (BF) infants were abundant in Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus; the mixed-fed (MF) infants had the highest abundance of Veillonella and Klebsiella; the exclusively formula-fed (FF) infants were enriched in Bacteroides and Blautia; and the complementary food-fed (CF) infants were associated with higher relative abundance of Lachnoclostridium and Akkermansia. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based metabolomics data revealed that the fecal samples of BF infants had the highest abundance of dl-citrulline, threonine, l-proline, l-glutamine, guanine, and l-arginine; the MF infants were abundant in d-maltose, stearidonic acid, capric acid, and myristic acid; the FF infants were enriched in itaconic acid, 4-pyridoxic acid, prostaglandin B2, thymine, dl-α-hydroxybutyric acid, and orotic acid; and the CF infants were associated with higher relative abundance of taurine, l-tyrosine, adenine, and uric acid. Furthermore, compared with the BF infants, the MF and FF infants were more abundant in fatty acid biosynthesis. Collectively, these findings will provide probable explanations for some of the risks and benefits related to infant feeding methods and will support a theoretical basis for the development of infant formula.

母乳与婴儿肠道微生物群（gut microbiota）密切相关，对婴儿发育具有重要意义。然而，多数婴儿无法获得足量的纯母乳喂养，且市售配方奶粉与母乳的喂养效果存在差异。为阐明不同喂养方式所引发的差异，本研究对中国东北地区77名健康婴儿的粪便样本进行了微生物群与代谢物组成测定，并明确了不同喂养方式下的组学差异。通过细菌16S rRNA基因（16S rRNA gene）测序分析发现：纯母乳喂养（BF）婴儿的粪便样本中，双歧杆菌（Bifidobacterium）与乳杆菌（Lactobacillus）丰度较高；混合喂养（MF）婴儿的粪便样本中，韦荣球菌属（Veillonella）与克雷伯菌属（Klebsiella）丰度最高；纯配方奶喂养（FF）婴儿的粪便样本中，拟杆菌属（Bacteroides）与劳特氏菌属（Blautia）富集度更高；辅食喂养（CF）婴儿的粪便样本中，毛梭菌属（Lachnoclostridium）与阿克曼菌属（Akkermansia）的相对丰度更高。基于液相色谱-质谱联用（LC-MS）的代谢组学（metabolomics）数据分析显示：纯母乳喂养婴儿的粪便样本中，DL-瓜氨酸、苏氨酸、L-脯氨酸、L-谷氨酰胺、鸟嘌呤与L-精氨酸丰度最高；混合喂养婴儿的粪便样本中，D-麦芽糖、十八碳四烯酸、癸酸与肉豆蔻酸丰度较高；纯配方奶喂养婴儿的粪便样本中，衣康酸、4-吡啶甲酸、前列腺素B2、胸腺嘧啶、DL-α-羟基丁酸与乳清酸富集度更高；辅食喂养婴儿的粪便样本中，牛磺酸、L-酪氨酸、腺嘌呤与尿酸的相对丰度更高。此外，与纯母乳喂养婴儿相比，混合喂养与纯配方奶喂养婴儿的脂肪酸生物合成通路相关组分丰度更高。综上，本研究结果可为婴儿喂养方式相关的部分风险与获益提供潜在解释，并为婴儿配方奶粉的研发提供理论依据。