Unveiling the diversity of Giant Neotropical Torrent frogs (Hylodidae): phylogenetic relationships, morphology, and the description of two new species

The Neotropical family Hylodidae comprises 46 currently recognized rheophilic Torrent frog species, today classified in the genera <i>Crossodactylus</i>, <i>Hylodes</i>, <i>Megaelosia</i>, and <i>Phantasmarana</i>, all endemic to the Atlantic Forest. <i>Megaelosia</i> and <i>Phantasmarana</i> are distributed along the Serra do Mar and Serra da Mantiqueira mountain ranges, southeastern Brazil, and are the least speciose genera of the family, including all the mute giant hylodids. <i>Megaelosia</i> is a monotypic genus, whereas <i>Phantasmarana</i> comprises six currently recognized species: <i>P. apuana</i>, <i>P. bocainensis</i>, <i>P. boticariana</i>, <i>P. jordanensis</i>, <i>P. lutzae</i>, and <i>P. massarti</i>. Herein, we provide a taxonomic revision of these Giant Neotropical Torrent frogs, offering a comprehensively sampled species-level molecular phylogeny. By combining molecular and morphological data, we confirm that <i>Megaelosia</i> and <i>Phantasmarana</i> are valid genera. We provide diagnostic traits for both genera, redescribe the poorly known species <i>P. jordanensis</i>, and describe two new species from distinct localities at Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, <i>P. curucutuensis</i> sp. nov. and <i>P. tamuia</i> sp. nov., presenting details of adult and larval morphology, and notes on their natural history and behaviour. We further discuss systematic and taxonomic concerns, and evolutionary processes related to distribution, body sizes, and communication in the family Hylodidae. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:61EA0116-6FB9-44B8-A2CE-E99D7B887E8B http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:079339E6-C802-4B47-A3A3-9FA0D0FCA3D1 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:0EA22628-89E9-483B-AB90-F3F0D18E28F1

新热带界的湍蟾科（Hylodidae）目前包含46个已被确认的嗜流性湍蛙物种，现分类为Crossodactylus、Hylodes、Megaelosia和Phantasmarana四个属，所有类群均为大西洋森林特有分布类群。Megaelosia与Phantasmarana分布于巴西东南部的马尔山脉（Serra do Mar）和曼蒂凯拉山脉（Serra da Mantiqueira）沿线，是该科中物种丰度最低的两个属，涵盖了所有无声的大型湍蟾类成员。Megaelosia为单型属，而Phantasmarana目前包含6个已确认物种：P. apuana、P. bocainensis、P. boticariana、P. jordanensis、P. lutzae及P. massarti。本研究对这些新热带界大型湍蛙开展了分类学修订，并构建了采样覆盖全面的物种级分子系统发育树。通过整合分子与形态学数据，本研究确认Megaelosia与Phantasmarana均为有效属。本研究为两个属提供了鉴别特征，对鲜为人知的物种P. jordanensis进行了重新描述，并基于马尔国家公园（Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar）不同分布地的标本记述了两个新种：P. curucutuensis sp. nov.与P. tamuia sp. nov.，同时提供了成体与幼体的形态细节，以及其自然历史与行为习性的相关记录。本研究还讨论了湍蟾科（Hylodidae）中与分布、体型及通讯行为相关的系统学与分类学问题，以及相关演化进程。http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:61EA0116-6FB9-44B8-A2CE-E99D7B887E8B http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:079339E6-C802-4B47-A3A3-9FA0D0FCA3D1 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:0EA22628-89E9-483B-AB90-F3F0D18E28F1