DataSheet_1_Extensive Cryptic Diversity Within the Physalaemus cuvieri–Physalaemus ephippifer Species Complex (Amphibia, Anura) Revealed by Cytogenetic, Mitochondrial, and Genomic Markers.docx

Previous cytogenetic and phylogenetic analyses showed a high variability in the frog taxa Physalaemus cuvieri and Physalaemus ephippifer and suggested the presence of undescribed diversity in this species complex. Here, by 1) adding specimens from the Brazilian Amazon region, 2) employing sequence-based species delimitation approaches, and 3) including RADseq-style markers, we demonstrate that the diversity in the P. cuvieri–P. ephippifer species complex is even greater than previously suspected. Specimens from Viruá and Western Pará, located at the Guiana Amazonian area of endemism, were recovered as distinct from all previously identified lineages by the phylogenetic analyses based on mitochondrial DNA and RAD markers, a PCA from RAD data, and cytogenetic analysis. The sequence-based species delimitation analyses supported the recognition of one or two undescribed species among these Amazonian specimens and also supported the recognition of at least three other species in the P. cuvieri–P. ephippifer species complex. These new results reinforce the need for a comprehensive taxonomic revision.

既往的细胞遗传学与系统发育分析显示，蛙类类群库氏菲氏蛙（Physalaemus cuvieri）与鞍背菲氏蛙（Physalaemus ephippifer）存在高度变异，并提示该物种复合群中存在未被描述的物种多样性。本研究通过1）补充巴西亚马逊地区的标本、2）采用基于序列的物种界定方法、3）纳入RADseq（Restriction-site Associated DNA Sequencing，限制性位点相关DNA测序）类型的分子标记，证实库氏菲氏蛙-鞍背菲氏蛙物种复合群的物种多样性远超此前预期。采集自圭亚那亚马逊特有分布区的维鲁阿地区与巴西帕拉州西部的标本，经基于线粒体DNA（mitochondrial DNA, mtDNA）、RAD标记的系统发育分析、基于RAD数据的主成分分析（Principal Component Analysis, PCA）以及细胞遗传学分析，被鉴定为区别于所有此前已识别支系的独立类群。基于序列的物种界定分析支持将这批亚马逊标本中的1至2个类群描述为新种，同时证实库氏菲氏蛙-鞍背菲氏蛙物种复合群中至少还存在另外3个未被正式命名的物种。本研究结果进一步凸显了对该类群开展全面分类学修订的必要性。