1930‒1990 - THE INTERVENTION OF THE BRAZILIAN STATE IN THE SUGAR-ENERGY SECTOR: IAA-PLANALSUCAR, PROÁLCOOL AND THE PARTICIPATION OF GILBERTO MILLER AZZI. DID WORK?

ABSTRACT In Brazil, sugarcane is the crop whose agro-industrial development has taken the longest path and has the greatest prominence in the national agro-industry, without precedent. With 500 years of history, Brazil is today the largest producer of sugarcane raw material and sugarcane ethanol in the world. In addition, has the world's largest program for the replacement of fossil fuel by ethanol in vehicles and shares with India the position of largest sugar producer; in addition, it has developed the largest active sugarcane genetic improvement program in the world. However, in contrast to these achievements throughout its history, it has also received criticism even from businesspersons of the sector itself, mainly regarding State intervention and its inefficiency. This is a paradox: “success and inefficiency?” The general objective of this work was to analyze exactly this contradiction since the great agro-industrial development occurred especially during the 60 years of State intervention (1930‒1990). We concluded that this intervention was a key element in the success of the agroindustry both during and after the intervention. Many personalities deserve mention in this process, in both the field of ideas and decisions and practical actions: politicians, public agents, businesspersons, sugar mill owners, agroindustry technicians, and independent producers. We selected a researcher, Dr. Gilberto Miller Azzi, as an example, due to the fact that, from 1955 onwards, as a researcher at the IAA, he represented the scientific and technological area of the Brazilian State, acting decisively for the achievements of the sector. In this regard, an analysis was made of the main factors that have leveraged the national sugar and alcohol sector from the 1930s to the present day.

摘要
在巴西，甘蔗是农产工业（agro-industry）发展历程最为悠久、在本国农产工业中地位最突出且无出其右的作物。拥有500年发展历史的巴西，如今是全球最大的甘蔗原料及甘蔗乙醇（sugarcane ethanol）生产国。此外，该国拥有全球规模最大的车用乙醇替代化石燃料（fossil fuel）推广计划，并与印度并列成为全球最大食糖生产国；同时，巴西还实施了全球规模最大的甘蔗遗传改良（genetic improvement）计划。
然而，与其历史上的诸多成就形成鲜明反差的是，该甘蔗产业甚至遭到了来自行业内部从业者的批评，矛头主要指向国家干预（State intervention）及其低效性。这一现象构成了一组悖论：“成功与低效并存？”
本研究的核心目标正是精准剖析这一矛盾——巴西农产工业的高速发展恰恰发生在1930年至1990年这60年的国家干预时期。研究证实，无论在国家干预期间还是干预结束后，该干预举措均为巴西农产工业成功的核心支撑因素。
在此进程中，诸多贡献者的事迹值得铭记：从提出理念与决策的政界人士、公共部门从业者，到投身实践的行业商人、糖厂所有者、农产工业技术人员及独立种植户。本研究选取研究员吉尔贝托·米勒·阿齐（Gilberto Miller Azzi）博士作为典型案例：自1955年起，他以IAA研究员的身份代表巴西国家科技领域，为该行业的发展作出了决定性贡献。基于此，本研究分析了1930年至今推动巴西全国糖业与乙醇产业发展的核心驱动因素。