Acoustic Mid-Ocean Dynamics Experiment (AMODE), 1991, North Atlantic: High-frequency Baroclinic Mode-1 Amplitudes

A netcdf data file of high-frequency (> 1 cpd) baroclinic mode-1 amplitude in the western North Atlantic derived from ocean acoustic tomography data collected during the Acoustic Mid-Ocean Dynamics Experiment (AMODE) in 1991.  AMODE consisted of a pentagonal array of six moored instruments deployed between Puerto Rico and Bermuda.  These are baroclinic amplitudes averaged over paths several hundred kilometers long.  As documented in:

Dushaw, B. D., & Worcester, P. F. (1998). Resonant diurnal internal tides in the North Atlantic. Geophys. Res. Lett., 25 , 2189–2192. doi: 10.1029/98GL01583

Dushaw, B. D., Worcester, P. F., Cornuelle, B. D., Howe, B. M., & Luther, D. S. (1995). Baroclinic and barotropic tides in the central North Pacific Ocean determined from long-range reciprocal acoustic transmissions.J. Phys. Oceanogr.(25), 631–647.  doi: 10.1175/1520-0485(1995)025⟨0631:
BABTIT⟩2.0.CO;2

Dushaw, B. D. (2003). On the mapping and wavenumber resolution of line-integral
data for observations of low-mode internal tides. J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech., 20 ,
1043–1059. doi: 10.1175/1458.1

Dushaw, B. D. (2006). Mode-1 internal tides in the western North Atlantic Ocean.
Deep-Sea Res. Part I , 53 , 449–473. doi: 10.1016/j.dsr.2005.12.009

Dushaw, B. D., Worcester, P. F., & Dzieciuch, M. A. (2011). On the predictability of mode-1 internal tides. Deep-Sea Res. Part I (58), 677–698. doi: 10.1016/j.dsr.2011.04.002

Dushaw, B. D.  (2015).  An empirical model for mode-1 internal tides derived from satellite altimetry: Computing accurate tidal predictions at arbitrary points over the world oceans (Tech. Rep. No. Technical Memorandum TM 1-15).  Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, WA. http://www.apl.washington.edu/project/project.php?id=tm\ 1-15

Hendershott, M. (1981). Long waves and ocean tides. In B. A. Warren & C. Wunsch (Eds.), Evolution of physical oceanography: Scientific surveys in honor of Henry Stommel (pp. 292–341). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

These data can be used to derive accurate estimate for baroclinic tide amplitudes in the open ocean.  The file includes 15 time series of 100 to 300 day record length. 

The purpose of this upload is to allow others to estimate tides from these data to test baroclinic tidal models.  Other than a simple high-pass filter, the time series is unfiltered, but the baroclinic tides account for 30-80% of the variance, depending on the amplitude of the tide on the acoustic path.

本数据集为西北大西洋海域的高频（>1次/日，cpd）斜压第一模态振幅的NetCDF（Network Common Data Form，网络通用数据格式）数据文件，源自1991年大洋中部动力学实验（Acoustic Mid-Ocean Dynamics Experiment, AMODE）期间采集的海洋声学层析成像（Ocean Acoustic Tomography）数据。AMODE实验由部署在波多黎各与百慕大之间的6台锚定仪器组成的五边形阵列构成。该数据集为数百公里长声学传播路径上的斜压振幅平均值。相关研究说明如下：

Dushaw, B. D., & Worcester, P. F. (1998). 北大西洋周日共振内潮. 《地球物理研究通讯》（Geophysical Research Letters）, 25卷, 2189–2192页. DOI: 10.1029/98GL01583

Dushaw, B. D., Worcester, P. F., Cornuelle, B. D., Howe, B. M., & Luther, D. S. (1995). 基于远程反向声学传输测定的北太平洋中部斜压与正压潮汐. 《物理海洋学杂志》（Journal of Physical Oceanography）, 25卷, 631–647页. DOI: 10.1175/1520-0485(1995)025⟨0631:BABTIT⟩2.0.CO;2

Dushaw, B. D. (2003). 低模态内潮观测的线积分数据制图与波数分辨率研究. 《大气与海洋技术杂志》（Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology）, 20卷, 1043–1059页. DOI: 10.1175/1458.1

Dushaw, B. D. (2006). 西北大西洋第一模态内潮. 《深海研究第一辑》（Deep-Sea Research Part I）, 53卷, 449–473页. DOI: 10.1016/j.dsr.2005.12.009

Dushaw, B. D., Worcester, P. F., & Dzieciuch, M. A. (2011). 第一模态内潮的可预测性研究. 《深海研究第一辑》（Deep-Sea Research Part I）, 58卷, 677–698页. DOI: 10.1016/j.dsr.2011.04.002

Dushaw, B. D. (2015). 基于卫星测高数据的第一模态内潮经验模型：全球海洋任意点位的高精度潮汐预报计算（技术报告第TM 1-15号）. 华盛顿大学应用物理实验室, 美国西雅图, 华盛顿州. 链接: http://www.apl.washington.edu/project/project.php?id=tm 1-15

Hendershott, M. (1981). 长波与海洋潮汐. 收录于B. A. Warren与C. Wunsch编辑的《物理海洋学的演进：纪念Henry Stommel科学综述》(pp. 292–341). 剑桥, 马萨诸塞州: 麻省理工学院出版社.

本数据集可用于估算开阔海洋中的斜压潮汐振幅，获得高精度结果。该数据文件包含15条时长为100至300天的时间序列。

本次上传的目的在于供其他研究者基于本数据集开展潮汐估算工作，以验证斜压潮汐模型。除简单高通滤波处理外，该时间序列未经过其他滤波操作；根据声学传播路径上的潮汐振幅差异，斜压潮汐可解释30%~80%的序列方差。