Experiment I: Effect of temperature and salinity on naupliar duration (Fig. 1b)

Experiment I - nauplius to cypris developmentTwenty nauplii were incubated in 10 ml filtered (0.2 µm) seawater in each well of the six-well plates under continuous light, and fed daily with a 1:1 mixture of the unicellular algae, C. calcitrans and S. marinoi, at a concentration of 2 × 105 cells ml-1 21. Every second day, the water in each well was carefully replaced by filtered seawater at the respective temperature and salinity, and fresh food was added. The number of surviving nauplii, cyprids and settled juveniles in each experimental well were observed daily for 21 days using a dissecting microscope (Olympus SZX12). Preliminary trials confirmed that the short handling time of each six-well plate during observations did not cause any significant change in water temperature in any of the treatments. The resulting data were used to calculate: i) survival (% survivors in form of nauplii, cyprids or settled individuals at the end of the experiment relative to the initial number of nauplii), ii) naupliar duration (days from hatching until 50 % of the surviving nauplii had metamorphosed into cyprids), iii) successful metamorphosis to cyprids (% of the initial number of nauplii that metamorphosed into cyprids at the end of the experiment), and iv) overall settlement success (number of settled cyprids at the end of the experiment relative to the initial number of nauplii). We additionally calculated v) settlement of cyprids (number of successfully settled cyprids at the end of the experiment relative to metric iii).试验一：无节幼体（nauplius）至腺介幼体（cypris）的发育过程 将20只无节幼体置于六孔板（six-well plates）的每个孔中，每孔加入10 mL经0.2 µm滤膜过滤的海水，在持续光照条件下培养；每日投喂由单细胞藻类C. calcitrans与S. marinoi按1:1比例混合的饵料，投喂浓度为2×10^5 个·mL^-1，相关细节参见文献21。每隔一日，小心更换每孔内的海水为对应温度、盐度的过滤海水，并补充新鲜饵料。 采用体视显微镜（dissecting microscope，奥林巴斯SZX12），每日对每个试验孔内存活的无节幼体、腺介幼体以及附着幼体的数量进行观测，持续21天。预试验证实，观测过程中对六孔板的短时间操作不会导致各处理组的水温发生显著变化。 所得数据用于计算以下5项指标： i) 存活率：试验结束时以无节幼体、腺介幼体或附着个体形式存活的个体数占初始无节幼体数量的百分比； ii) 无节幼体期时长：从孵化开始至50%存活无节幼体变态为腺介幼体所需的天数； iii) 腺介幼体变态成功率：试验结束时初始无节幼体中变态为腺介幼体的个体数占比； iv) 总附着成功率：试验结束时附着的腺介幼体数量相对于初始无节幼体数量的比值； v) 腺介幼体附着率：试验结束时成功附着的腺介幼体数量相对于指标iii所得数值的比值。