Treatment details and outcome for individual Norway spruce trees attacked by Ips typographus, inoculated with the fungus Ceratocystis polonica, or left untreated as control.

aControl trees were not measured, but healthy trees generally have no necrotic phloem (e.g. Krokene and Solheim 1998).bPhloem lesion length is mean ± standard deviation.cOutcome is a qualitative assessment of tree health one year after the start of the experiment.