SnowMicroPen (SMP) force profiles collected during November, 2023 (event K892B) in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica.

The SnowMicroPen (SMP) is a portable device for high-resolution _in situ_ measurements of penetration resistance in snow and can be correlated to snow microstructure (density, specific surface area, snow type). The penetration force is measured using a piezo-electric sensor and is digitally recorded every 4 micrometers vertically. The SMP signal may be used to infer stratigraphy, snow type, and snow microstructure at a vertical resolution of 1-4 mm. Based on the force signal, density and specific surface-area parameterizations are calculated. Through horizontally repeat measurements, the SMP data may be used to relate detailed point-scale snow profiles to a larger sampling area and provide information about the spatial variability of snow stratigraphy and physical snow properties. In November 2023 a SMP was used as part of an Antarctica New Zealand campaign, that supported our (AAS4406) partner Marsden grant. The goal was to investigate snow and sea-ice properties using specialised instruments flown beneath a twin otter aircraft. Airborne data were extended at increased horizontal and vertical resolution by a ground-based team who undertook on-ice measurements of sea ice and snow characteristics using instruments such as the SMP and Magnaprobe. Additional sites were also investigated to aid other research projects in the region.        This dataset consists of 451 SMP profiles. All test, calibration and invalid measurements have been removed from these data except those explicitly flagged with scott-base-test-site.These data are binary PNT files that contain force profiles from the instrument, they can be processed using the open source python package, snowmicropyn. The files have also been converted to csv, but if possible, it is recommended to use the original pnt files.Metadata csv: included in the download file.Measurement site flags:scott-base-test-site are the first measurements taken for the season to check the function of the instrument.Sites S01 to S07 were overflown by the Twin Otter carrying the snow radar. They are aligned East West. Transects were 30 meters long with measurements taken every meter for 31 measurements per site. S01 captures snow conditions across the glacial ice shelf to sea ice transition and has approximately 3 measurements per meter with a total of 92 measurements.Sites A1 and A2 are located further north in McMurdo sound.The SIMS23 site is the location of the University of Otago sea-ice mass-balance station, it was removed shortly after the SMP measurements, these were taken as part of a broader effort to characterise the site.IS2CS2EW and IS2CS2NS are two 30 meter transects taken east west and north south respectively near the intersection of ICESat-2 and CryoSat-2 flight paths. This site was chosen to have satellite coverage along with the airborne measurements on the Twin Otter.

SnowMicroPen（SMP）是一种便携式设备，用于雪体穿透阻力的高分辨率原位测量，其结果可与雪的微观结构（密度、比表面积、雪型）相关联。穿透力通过压电传感器采集，每垂直4微米进行一次数字记录。SMP信号可用于推断地层学特征、雪型及雪微观结构，垂直分辨率达1-4毫米。基于力信号，可计算密度与比表面积的参数化结果。通过水平重复测量，SMP数据能将详细的点尺度雪剖面与更大采样区域关联，提供雪地层学特征及物理特性空间变异性的信息。2023年11月，SMP被用于新西兰南极考察活动，以支持我们（AAS4406）合作的Marsden研究基金项目。该考察旨在利用双水獭飞机搭载的专用仪器研究雪与海冰特性，地面团队通过SMP及Magnaprobe等仪器开展冰上测量，在更高水平与垂直分辨率上扩展了机载数据覆盖范围，同时还调查了其他站点以辅助区域内其他研究项目。

本数据集包含451个SMP剖面，除明确标记为scott-base-test-site的测量外，所有测试、校准及无效数据均已移除。数据以二进制PNT文件存储，包含仪器采集的力剖面信息，可通过开源Python包snowmicropyn处理；文件也已转换为csv格式，但建议优先使用原始PNT文件。元数据csv文件包含在下载包中。

测量站点标记说明：
scott-base-test-site为季初仪器功能验证测量；
S01至S07站点由搭载雪雷达的双水獭飞机飞越，呈东西走向，样带长30米、每米测量1次，单站点共31次测量；S01覆盖冰川冰架至海冰过渡区雪况，每米约3次测量，总计92次；
A1与A2站点位于麦克默多海峡北部；
SIMS23站点是奥塔哥大学海冰质量平衡站所在地，SMP测量后该站点即被拆除，相关数据为站点表征工作的一部分；
IS2CS2EW与IS2CS2NS为两条30米样带，分别沿东西、南北方向分布于ICESat-2与CryoSat-2飞行路径交点附近，选择该站点旨在同时获取卫星覆盖数据与双水獭机载测量数据。