DISTANCE SOCIAL-PSYCHOLOGICAL SUPPORT FOR CARE-LEAVERS

The article substantiates the necessity of distance social-psychological support of children, leaving residential care after reaching the age of majority (18 years). The main reason for that is the following: the loss of the comprehensive social communication with caregivers and teachers from children's home because of a change of residence in connection with training, employment, returning to relatives, etc. requires distance social and psychological support of care-leavers. The article presents the main results of the joint work of the Laboratory of social projects of Belgorod State University and the state budgetary institution “Spread the wings!” in 2014 ‒ 2017 for the implementation of the distance social and psychological support program for young people, leaving residential care of Belgorod region. The most effective methods of the distance learning are established: (1) the information-receptive method involves the transfer of information to recipients using various kinds of electronic teaching materials, including textbooks, workbooks, audio and video files; 2) reproductive method bases on the algorithmic nature of the activities of students, involves different exercises and tasks which are similar to those presented in recommendations, and are directed on formation of practical skills; (3) problem statement method focuses not only on the perception and comprehension of ready-made conclusions, but also on understanding causal relationships between objects, processes or phenomena, and logic; (4) heuristic method suggests the gradual preparation of students to make independent decisions in problem situations; (5) research method involves the manifestation of self-studying, active search, development of initiative, and creative use of knowledge in nonstandard situations.

本文论证了对年满18周岁（成年）后离开寄宿照料机构的儿童开展远程社会心理支持的必要性。究其核心缘由：由于升学、就业、投靠亲友等居所变动情形，这些曾在儿童福利院接受照料的青少年会失去与原照料者及教师的全面社会交往，故而亟需为离院青少年提供远程社会心理支持。
本文呈现了别尔哥罗德州立大学（Belgorod State University）社会项目实验室与国家预算机构“展翅（Spread the wings!）”于2014年至2017年合作开展别尔哥罗德州离院寄宿照料青少年远程社会心理支持项目的主要成果。
本次研究明确了五类行之有效的远程教学方法：（1）信息接收法：通过各类电子教学资源向受众传递信息，涵盖教科书、练习册、音视频文件等；（2）实操复刻法：以学习者活动的算法性为基础，设置与指导手册中示例相似的各类练习与任务，旨在培育实践技能；（3）问题导向法：不仅聚焦于现成结论的接收与理解，更强调对事物、过程或现象间的因果关系与逻辑脉络的认知；（4）启发式教学法：引导学习者逐步学会在问题情境中独立做出决策；（5）研究式教学法：鼓励学习者自主学习、主动探索、培养主动性，并在非标准情境中创造性地运用所学知识。