Bangladesh hatchery data 2017-2019

Data in which hatchery owners, consultants and technicians working in the main shrimp and prawn hatcheries in Bangladesh discuss key elements of their production and their use of various disease management tools (including antibiotics). The interviews were carried out in 2017 with the majority of hatcheries and nurseries operating in Bangladesh. Sampling was based on purposive selection of hatcheries, selecting all those that were currently in production (n =26 hatcheries), achieving 50% coverage of production in the country. Owing to endemic diseases, very few prawn hatcheries were in operation. Nurseries in SW Bangladesh were included as a means to extend the data set to include these intermediary providers between hatchery and farm. Interviews were conducted in Bangla to a structured series of questions, and the field researcher then summarised responses to the survey questions in English. <p>Global stewardship of existing antibiotics within livestock systems is a key component of any attempt to manage the incidence and transmission of emergent and resistant bacteria, resistance conferring genes and mobile elements. Yet, global demand for animal derived protein is fuelling investment in and intensification of livestock systems with resulting increases in use of veterinary medicines. These systems have until now relied on medicinal and other inputs as infrastructure that permits increased stocking densities and livestock throughput, while reducing morbidity and mortality. In this sense, antibiotics have become a key component of livestock agriculture. Decoupling agriculture from the risks of generating greater antimicrobial resistance is a key challenge addressed in this project.

This project focuses on the growing and under-regulated aquaculture (fish and shell fish production) sector within Asia, which is intensifying to meet domestic demand for animal derived protein and worldwide export markets. We aim to to assess the growing use of antibiotics within this important sector of global food production, and experiment with farm based medicine stewardship strategies that promote sustainable and appropriate use. The project has implications for food security, food safety, human and environmental (aquatic) health as well as the livelihoods of millions of people.

The rapidly growing and intensifying global aquaculture industry (the so-called blue revolution) is known to be a major user of antimicrobials and a key gateway for antimicrobial resistance. Reducing or preventing the escalation of non-therapeutic and unnecessary uses of antibiotics requires social innovations that address path dependencies and the socio-economics of livestock production.

Detailed knowledge on the uses and socio-economic drivers of antimicrobial inputs in aquaculture is required in order to
1) Minimise the potential risks of aquaculture expansion for human and environmental health.
2) Develop strategies that allow for the prudent use of compounds, particularly where they increase risks of the emergence and transmission of antimicrobial resistance.

In this pump-priming project we seek to investigate variability in use of antibiotics and AMR-related inputs within aquaculture, and devise a strategy that encourages appropriate and alternative animal health treatments. We focus on the effective stewardship of antibiotics within the rapidly growing, poorly regulated and heterogeneous shrimp and prawn sectors in Bangladesh.

The project involves development of a partnership between UK and Bangladeshi expertise, and involves social scientists, biologists, aquaculture and rural development experts in order to understand the drivers of antibiotic uses and to cooperatively develop with farmers interventions for developing more appropriate treatments and disease abatement strategies. The project will survey shrimp and prawn farmers and hatcheries to develop clear understanding of the relationship between farm inputs, farm sizes and value chain characteristics. This information will be augmented with more detailed interview data with farmers, farm suppliers (those who sell antibiotics and other inputs), market intermediaries, depots and other key actors. The resulting knowledge on the disease as well as socio-economic pressures that farmers face will be used to develop a series of workshops in which farmers will work together to devise a social and technical specification for a farm-based intervention that allows for more sustainable and appropriate development of aquaculture. Once co-developed in the form of an in-principle design, the step-wise approach to design as well as the design itself will be used to seed further funding and impact across the fish and livestock sectors.</p>

该数据集收录了孟加拉国主要虾类孵化场的场主、顾问及技术人员关于生产关键要素及各类疾病管理工具（包括抗生素）使用情况的讨论。访谈于2017年开展，覆盖了该国大多数运营中的孵化场及育苗场。抽样采用目的抽样（purposive selection）方法，选取所有当前处于生产状态的孵化场（共26家），其产量占全国总产量的50%。由于地方性疾病的存在，当时运营的大虾孵化场数量极少。为扩展数据集以纳入孵化场与养殖场之间的中间供应商，研究还包含了孟加拉国西南部的育苗场。访谈以孟加拉语进行，围绕一系列结构化问题展开，随后现场研究员将受访者对调查问题的回答总结为英文。

在畜牧系统中对现有抗生素进行全球管理，是控制新发及耐药细菌、耐药基因及移动元件的发生率与传播的核心环节。然而，全球对动物源性蛋白的需求正推动畜牧系统的投资与集约化发展，导致兽用药品的使用量增加。迄今为止，这些系统依赖药物及其他投入作为基础设施，以实现更高的养殖密度与产量，同时降低发病率与死亡率。从这个意义上说，抗生素已成为畜牧农业的关键组成部分。如何在农业发展中规避抗微生物药物耐药性（Antimicrobial Resistance, AMR）加剧的风险，是本项目旨在解决的核心挑战。

本项目聚焦亚洲快速发展且监管不足的水产养殖（aquaculture）行业（包括鱼类及贝类养殖），该行业正通过集约化发展满足国内动物源性蛋白需求及全球出口市场。我们旨在评估这一全球粮食生产重要行业中抗生素使用量的增长情况，并试验基于养殖场的药物管理策略，以促进抗生素的可持续及合理使用。该项目对粮食安全、食品安全、人类及环境（水生）健康，以及数百万人的生计均具有重要意义。

快速增长且日益集约化的全球水产养殖业（即所谓的“蓝色革命”）是抗微生物药物的主要使用者，也是抗微生物药物耐药性的关键传播途径。减少或阻止抗生素的非治疗性及不必要使用的升级，需要能够解决路径依赖（path dependencies）及畜牧生产社会经济学问题的社会创新。

要实现以下目标，需掌握水产养殖中抗微生物药物投入的使用情况及其社会经济驱动因素的详细知识：
1）最大限度降低水产养殖扩张对人类及环境健康的潜在风险；
2）制定策略以促进化合物的审慎使用，尤其是在其可能增加抗微生物药物耐药性出现及传播风险的场景中。

在本启动性项目（pump-priming project）中，我们旨在调查水产养殖中抗生素及AMR相关投入使用的差异性，并制定鼓励合理及替代性动物健康治疗方案的策略。研究聚焦孟加拉国快速发展、监管薄弱且形态各异的虾类行业中的抗生素有效管理。

该项目旨在建立英国与孟加拉国专业团队的合作关系，汇聚社会科学家、生物学家、水产养殖及农村发展专家，以理解抗生素使用的驱动因素，并与养殖户合作开发更合理的治疗方案及疾病防控策略。项目将通过调查虾类养殖户及孵化场，明确养殖投入、养殖规模与价值链特征之间的关系。此外，还将通过与养殖户、养殖投入供应商（销售抗生素及其他投入品的商家）、市场中间商、分销点及其他关键主体的详细访谈补充相关信息。基于养殖户面临的疾病压力及社会经济压力的研究成果，项目将组织一系列研讨会，让养殖户共同参与设计基于养殖场的干预措施的社会及技术规范，以实现水产养殖的可持续及合理发展。一旦形成原则性设计方案，这种分步设计方法及设计本身将用于为鱼类及畜牧行业争取更多资金支持并产生影响。