Wirilda-Callitris-Eucalyptus Mallee Low Open Grassy Woodland, SA. VAST-2: Tracking the Transformation of Australia's Vegetated Landscapes

The aim of this project is to compile land use and management practices and their observed and measured impacts and effects on vegetation condition. The results provide land managers and researchers with a tool for reporting and monitoring spatial and temporal transformations of Australia’s native vegetated landscapes due to changes in land use and management practices. Following are the details about Wirilda-Callitris-Eucalyptus mallee in South Australia, Australia.

Pre-European reference-analogue vegetation: Callitris (Callitris preissii) - Eucalyptus mallee (E. odorata and E. porosa) low open woodland.

Brief chronology of changes in land use and management:
1750-1849: Meru indigenous people manage the area
1838: Explorers traversed the area
1850: Pastoralists with shepherds, grazing sheep
1883: Land selected, boundary fencing established
1883-1900: Continuous grazing with sheep and cattle grazing native vegetation
1890: Heavy timber cutting for Callington and Kanmantoo mines, sheep grazing
1900: Area ploughed and sown to black oats
1901-72: Continuous grazing with sheep and cattle grazing modified and native pastures
1950: Commenced fertilising pastures using super - applied aerially several times in the 1960’s
1972: Ceased applications of super fertilizer, ceased grazing all cattle removed
1974: Area purchased by the Lay family
1974-1981: Planted about 25,000 tubestock using local endemic species, mainly trees and shrubs
1974-2012: Monitoring and recording of seedling survival and regeneration
1974-1985, 2006-12: Major effort in controlling weeds and feral animals
1982: Area gazetted as a Heritage Agreement
1983-2003: All further revegetation efforts by direct seeding techniques such as “niche seeding”
1992: Massive summer rains (a 1:430 year event) with major erosion along watercourses and regeneration of most species
2004: Neighbour starts fire, which burns out 25% of area
2006: Area gains a 10 year package of funding under the “bushbids” biodiversity stewardship programme
2007: Monadenia weed orchid and bridal creeper begin to invade area.

本项目旨在汇编土地利用与管理实践，及其对植被状况的观测与实测影响。研究成果可为土地管理者与科研人员提供工具，用于报告和监测澳大利亚本土植被景观因土地利用与管理实践变化而产生的时空转变。以下为澳大利亚南澳州Wirilda-白千层（Callitris）-桉（Eucalyptus）灌丛的相关详情。

欧洲殖民前的参考类比植被：白千层（Callitris preissii）-桉灌丛（E. odorata与E. porosa）低疏林。

土地利用与管理变迁简史：
1750-1849年：梅鲁原住民管理该区域
1838年：探险家途经该区域
1850年：牧民携牧羊人在此放牧绵羊
1883年：土地被划定确权，边界围栏建成
1883-1900年：持续放牧绵羊与牛，啃食本土植被
1890年：为卡林顿与坎曼图奥矿山开展大规模木材采伐，同时放牧绵羊
1900年：区域被翻耕并播种黑燕麦
1901-1972年：持续放牧绵羊与牛，改良牧场与原生牧场
1950年：开始对牧场施用过磷酸钙肥料，1960年代多次通过航空方式施肥
1972年：停止施用过磷酸钙肥料，移除所有牛只并终止放牧
1974年：该区域被莱家族收购
1974-1981年：使用当地特有物种（以乔木与灌木为主）种植约25000株容器种苗
1974-2012年：监测并记录幼苗存活与自然更新情况
1974-1985年、2006-2012年：投入大量精力防控杂草与外来动物
1982年：该区域被公布为遗产保护协议区域
1983-2003年：后续所有植被恢复工作均采用"niche seeding"（穴播）等直接播种技术
1992年：遭遇超强夏季降雨（重现期为430年一遇的极端事件），水道沿线发生严重侵蚀，多数物种得以自然更新
2004年：邻居引发火灾，烧毁区域25%的面积
2006年：该区域获得为期10年的"bushbids生物多样性托管计划"资助包
2007年：腺萼兰（Monadenia）属杂草兰与新娘藤（bridal creeper）开始入侵该区域