Data Release of Final Report to Bureau of Reclamation: Case Study Using KINEROS Model to Assess Potential Hydrologic and Geomorphic Impacts of Installing Gabions in a Developing Subwatershed near Buckeye, Arizona, USA

This data release provides results from a watershed modelling effort to depict the use of natural infrastructure in dryland streams (NIDS), i.e., gabions, as a low-tech and low-cost, nature-based solution for increased water availability in the Buckeye area, west of the White Tank mountains and northwest of Phoenix, AZ, USA. Our goal was to identify impacts of current management and hypothetical installation of gabions, as NIDS to offset expected impacts of planned development (Norman et al., 2022; Tosline & Swick, 2023). This release and associated report (Norman & Petrakis, 2024) describes the methods and results acquired for modeling installation of gabion-style NIDS and the impacts at the apex and outlet of the watershed draining Alluvial Fan #3 (Norman & Petrakis, 2024; Figure 1). We used the Automated Geospatial Watershed Assessment (AGWA) tool, a geographic information systems (GIS) interface, to analyze hydrologic impacts of land cover/land use change in the small watershed, using standardized spatial data sets readily available. Within AGWA, we applied the kinematic runoff and erosion (K2) watershed model to examine a 100-year, 6-hour event, and determine the effects of NIDS on processes of surface runoff and sediment yield. A distinct advantage of K2 and AGWA is the explicit placement of development and conservation practices (e.g., gabion installation) and other modifications in the correct position to receive upslope flow where scenario conditions can be represented as a new model element with distinct hydraulic and erosion parameters (Goodrich et al., 2012). Runoff from small watersheds (< 100 km) is dominated by overland flow making them highly sensitive to high intensity, short duration rainfalls. Land use within watershed accounts for variability in stream water quality (Omernik, 1987) and risk of erosion (Wischmeier & Smith, 1978). The uncalibrated physically based model results can be used to portray trends and directions of changes in watershed response due to changes in watershed inputs. Resulting flood hydrographs and sediment yield estimates will be used for integrative management of surface water, groundwater, and ecohydrology to accommodate sustainable development. This data release consists of a series of zipped folders containing graphs, tables, and spatial layers. First, a zipped folder contains a spatial layer geodatabase that includes four shapefiles representing watershed components (i.e., 53 planes - polygon; 21 channels - line; gabion locations for light and heavy installation - point). Second, a zipped folder contains the tables (i.e., .csv file format) showing sediment yield and discharge values for each of the planes (n = 53) and channels (n = 21). The data is separated into two separate folders (i.e., channels, planes), which are then each separated into two additional folders (i.e, discharge, sediment). Finally, similar in structure to the to the tables folder, a zipped folder includes graphs illustrating the sediment yield and discharge values for each of the planes (n = 53) and channels (n = 21), respective of the gabions scenario (i.e., heavy, light, baseline) across time.

本数据集发布提供了旱地溪流自然基础设施（Natural Infrastructure in Dryland Streams, NIDS，即石笼网）的流域建模研究成果，该类设施是一种低技术、低成本的基于自然的解决方案，旨在提升美国亚利桑那州凤凰城西北、白坦克山脉以西的Buckeye区域的水资源可获得性。本研究旨在识别当前管理措施与石笼网（NIDS）假设性安装的影响，以抵消规划开发带来的预期影响（Norman et al., 2022; Tosline & Swick, 2023）。本次发布及配套报告（Norman & Petrakis, 2024）阐述了石笼式NIDS安装建模的方法与结果，以及冲积扇3号流域（Alluvial Fan #3）顶点与出口处的影响（Norman & Petrakis, 2024；图1）。本研究采用自动化地理空间流域评估（Automated Geospatial Watershed Assessment, AGWA）工具——一款地理信息系统（GIS）接口——基于公开易得的标准化空间数据集，分析小型流域的土地覆盖/土地利用变化对水文过程的影响。在AGWA框架内，我们应用运动径流与侵蚀（Kinematic Runoff and Erosion, K2）流域模型，针对100年一遇6小时降雨事件开展模拟，以明确NIDS对地表径流与产沙过程的影响。K2与AGWA的显著优势在于，可将开发与保护措施（如石笼网安装）及其他改造工程精准布设至承接上坡径流的位置，将情景条件作为具备明确水力与侵蚀参数的新型模型单元进行表征（Goodrich et al., 2012）。小型流域（面积<100 km²）的径流以坡面流为主，对高强度短历时降雨极为敏感。流域内土地利用状况会显著影响河流水质（Omernik, 1987）与侵蚀风险（Wischmeier & Smith, 1978）。本研究采用的未校准物理过程模型结果，可用于表征流域输入变化引发的流域响应趋势与变化方向。所得洪水过程线与产沙量估算结果，将用于地表水、地下水与生态水文学的综合管理，以支撑可持续开发。本数据集发布包含一系列压缩文件夹，内含图表、表格与空间图层。其一为地理数据库（geodatabase）压缩包，内含4类形状文件（shapefile）：代表流域组分的53个面要素（多边形）、21条河道要素（线要素），以及轻、重两种安装场景下的石笼网位置（点要素）。其二为表格数据压缩包，以.csv格式存储了53个面要素与21条河道要素的产沙量与径流量数据；该数据分为河道与面要素两个子文件夹，每个子文件夹又分别划分为径流量与产沙量两个子目录。其三为图表数据压缩包，结构与表格文件夹一致，包含不同石笼网场景（重度安装、轻度安装、基准场景）下，随时间变化的53个面要素与21条河道要素的产沙量与径流量变化图表。