Data for: Ecological and evolutionary origin of Costus flammulus (Costaceae): A new species from the montane cloud forests of the volcanic cordilleras in northern Costa Rica

Costus flammulus is a new herbaceous species endemic to montane cloud
forests of the volcanic cordilleras in northern Costa Rica. Costus
flammulus has been mistaken for C. wilsonii, but phylogenetic evidence
demonstrates that it is closely related to the widespread lowland species
C. pulverulentus. Here, we used an integrated framework of species
concepts to evaluate whether C. flammulus and C. pulverulentus are
distinct species. First, we re-evaluate prior phylogenetic analyses to
assess whether C. flammulus bifurcated from or budded off from within C.
pulverulentus and whether C. flammulus is monophyletic. We then compare
phenotypic traits to determine which diagnostic vegetative and
inflorescence traits can be used to identify species in herbarium
specimens and examine whether floral traits may confer floral isolation.
We compare pollinator assemblages to examine whether pollinator
specificity may contribute to reproductive isolation. Finally, we model
species distributions and climatic niche overlap to assess ecogeographic
isolation. We found that C. flammulus is a monophyletic species
phenotypically, ecologically, and geographically distinct from C.
pulverulentus and may have speciated as a peripheral isolate at the high
elevation range edge of C. pulverulentus. Several lines of evidence, such
as C. pulverulentus paraphyly, range size asymmetry, and C. flammulus’
nested distribution and vegetative traits, suggest that C. flammulus
budded off from a C. pulverulentus‐like progenitor species, evolving to
tolerate a colder and more seasonal montane environment.

火焰闭鞘姜（Costus flammulus）为一新的草本物种，特有分布于哥斯达黎加北部火山科迪勒拉山脉的山地云雾林。该物种曾被误鉴定为威尔逊闭鞘姜（C. wilsonii），但系统发育证据表明其与广布低地物种粉质闭鞘姜（C. pulverulentus）亲缘关系密切。本研究采用整合物种概念研究框架，旨在评估火焰闭鞘姜与粉质闭鞘姜是否为独立物种。首先，我们重新评估已有系统发育分析结果，以判断火焰闭鞘姜是从粉质闭鞘姜中分化而来，还是嵌套于粉质闭鞘姜类群内部，同时验证火焰闭鞘姜是否为单系类群（monophyletic）。随后，我们比较两类群的表型性状，以确定可用于鉴定腊叶标本的诊断性营养器官与花序性状，并考察花部性状是否可介导生殖隔离。我们比较传粉者群落组成，以检验传粉者专化性是否可促成生殖隔离。最后，我们对物种分布区进行建模并评估气候生态位重叠程度，以考察生态地理隔离效应。研究结果表明，火焰闭鞘姜在表型、生态与地理维度上均与粉质闭鞘姜存在显著分化，为独立物种，其可能作为粉质闭鞘姜高海拔分布区边缘的外围隔离类群发生物种形成。多项证据，如粉质闭鞘姜的并系性（paraphyly）、分布区大小不对称性、火焰闭鞘姜的嵌套分布格局与营养器官性状，均表明火焰闭鞘姜起源于粉质闭鞘姜类群的祖先类群，经演化适应了寒冷且季节变化更强的山地环境。