Financial Awareness of Finnish People 2014

This survey studied the financial awareness and knowledge of people living in Finland, and their views on financial issues. The survey is based on the OECD financial literacy questionnaire and methodological guidance developed by the International Network on Financial Education (INFE). Data collection was conducted by TNS Gallup Finland. The survey was financed by Academy of Finland (269130), OP Group Research Foundation (OP-Pohjola ryhmän tutkimussäätiö), Foundation for Economic Education (Liikesivistysrahasto), Vaasan Aktiasäätiö, and Finnish Foundation for Share Promotion (Pörssisäätiö). Main themes included management of personal finances, consumption and saving behaviour, insurances, preparedness for retirement, financial knowledge in general, over-indebtness, own financial abilities and trust in financial institutions. The respondents were also asked to evaluate their financial decisions and the influences behind their decisions. The respondents' management of daily finances was charted with questions on whether the respondents planned their personal or household's consumption beforehand (e.g. by making a budget) and what methods they used for planning and monitoring their finances (e.g. online banking). Some questions focused on the financial products (e.g. credit cards, bank accounts, debts, insurances, investments) that the respondents used and where they got information on these products. General attitudes towards personal finance management were studied through statements relating to, for example, paying bills on time, taking risks in life, monitoring of finances and worrying about the future. Ways of dealing with insufficient income to cover costs were also charted (e.g. whether the respondents borrowed food or money from family or friends). Saving behaviour was investigated by asking the respondents, for example, whether they saved money on their disposal account or invested in shares, and for how long they could live on their savings if their main source of income was lost. Attitudes towards and awareness about insurances were studied through statements concerning, for example, the necessity of insurance for families and the understandability of contents and conditions of different insurances. Next, the survey charted whether the respondents were self-employed and how they prepared for retirement (for example, how the respondents used pension insurance for the self-employed (YEL), whether they knew which pension insurances they were entitled to, and whether they thought that they were saving enough money for retirement). The respondents' financial knowledge was assessed by asking questions about the economy and different financial issues (e.g. interest and inflation). Knowledge and experiences about over-indebtness were charted through questions concerning, for example, defaults on debts, payments or repayments and the respondents' own debt situation. The respondents' awareness was examined on whether they knew where they should appeal a decision made by a bank or insurance company if they were not satisfied with it. Finally, the survey charted abilities, satisfaction and trust in financial issues and institutions (e.g. how the respondents would describe their own abilities in making good financial decisions, whether they were satisfied with their life overall, and whether they thought that banks, insurance companies or the justice system could be trusted). Background variables included, among others, gender, age, marital status, household composition, gross annual income of the respondent and household, highest level of education, as well as NUTS2 and NUTS3 regions of residence.

本调研针对芬兰民众的金融认知水平与知识储备，以及其对各类金融议题的看法展开研究。本次调研基于经合组织（OECD）金融素养问卷，以及由国际金融教育网络（International Network on Financial Education, INFE）制定的方法论指南。数据采集工作由芬兰TNS盖洛普（TNS Gallup Finland）完成。调研由芬兰科学院（项目编号269130）、OP集团研究基金会（OP-Pohjola ryhmän tutkimussäätiö）、经济教育基金会（Liikesivistysrahasto）、瓦萨Aktiasäätiö基金会以及芬兰证券推广基金会（Pörssisäätiö）资助。

调研核心主题涵盖个人财务管理、消费与储蓄行为、保险、退休储备规划、通用金融知识、过度负债情况、个人财务能力及对金融机构的信任度。此外，受访者还需评估自身的金融决策及决策背后的影响因素。

本次调研通过相关问题梳理受访者的日常财务管理情况：例如是否预先规划个人或家庭消费（如制定预算），以及采用哪些方法规划与监控财务状况（如使用网上银行）。部分问题聚焦于受访者使用的金融产品（如信用卡、银行账户、信贷、保险、投资产品）及相关信息的获取渠道。

通过与按时缴付账单、人生风险承担、财务监控及未来担忧等相关的表述，调研受访者对个人财务管理的整体态度；同时梳理了受访者在收入不足以覆盖支出时的应对方式（例如是否向亲友借贷食物或资金）。

本次调研通过提问考察受访者的储蓄行为：例如是否在活期存款账户中储蓄或投资股票，以及若失去主要收入来源时，其储蓄可维持生活的时长。通过与家庭保险必要性、不同保险的内容与条款易懂性等相关表述，调研受访者对保险的态度与认知。

调研还梳理了受访者是否为自主创业者，以及其退休储备规划方式：例如受访者如何使用个体经营者养老金保险（YEL）、是否知晓自身应享有的养老金保险权益，以及是否认为自身为退休储备了足够资金。

通过涉及经济与各类金融议题（如利率与通货膨胀）的问题，评估受访者的金融知识水平；通过与债务违约、缴付或还款情况及自身债务状况相关的问题，梳理受访者对过度负债的认知与经历；通过提问受访者若对银行或保险公司的决策不满时应向何处申诉，考察其金融维权认知。

最后，调研评估了受访者在金融议题与金融机构方面的能力自评、满意度与信任度：例如受访者如何描述自身做出优质金融决策的能力、是否对整体生活感到满意，以及是否认为银行、保险公司或司法系统值得信任。

调研的背景变量涵盖性别、年龄、婚姻状况、家庭构成、受访者及家庭的年度总收入、最高受教育程度，以及居住的NUTS2与NUTS3区域。