Global Adoption of Basel Standards, 2004-2015

This dataset contains time-series data on the extent of countries' adoption of the Basel banking standards, disaggregated by individual components that make up the standards. The majority of the data has been coded from the Financial Stability Institute's surveys of adoption of Basel standards in countries outside of the Basel Committee on Banking Standards.1 The surveys were conducted annually 2012–2015, with responding countries indicating the year they initially introduced individual rules as part of the Basel banking standards. This allows us to backdate the date a rule was initially adopted, creating a time-series of adoption from 2004 to 2015.<p>In the wake of the global financial crisis, industrialized countries have agreed a series of regulatory reforms to repair and regulate their own financial systems. All countries, including LICs are encouraged to adopt these new global standards. Members of the G20 have asked the Financial Stability Board, IMF and World Bank to study how global banking initiatives will impact developing and emerging economies, identifying this area as a key policy concern for promoting inclusive growth. To date the scant research on this question addresses almost exclusively emerging market economies. LIC governments and advisers have voiced an urgent need for LIC-specific analysis.

This project will be amongst the very first to look at how political institutions and processes - at both the domestic and global levels - shape the impact of global banking initiatives on LICs and their ability to harness financial flows for inclusive growth. The core research questions are:
(1) How much de facto flexibility do LICs have in respect of the new regulatory standards, how much do they need, and under what conditions (economic and political; global, regional and national) should they adopt new regulatory standards?
(2) What strategies for influencing global standard-setting processes and institutions are likely to yield the best outcomes for LICs?

The project combines two disciplinary approaches: political science and economics. It combines quantitative and qualitative analysis, and will generate new datasets. Outputs will include top-quality peer-reviewed academic publications and a series of tailored policy briefs.

The project has been designed to maximize impact through continuous direct engagement with policy-makers confronting the problems the research addresses. The design of the research questions has been undertaken in dialogue with LIC and developing country policy-makers. We will continue to engage policy-makers through semi-structured interviews; annual workshops; and through the project's Expert Advisory Board. The Board includes Vivienne Apopo (Director General, East African Development Bank), Mthuli Ncube (Chief Economist, African Development Bank), Amar Bhattacharya (Director, G24 Secretariat).

Key beneficiaries are regulators, senior government officials, and other stakeholders in LICs engaged with promoting inclusive, sustainable growth. This includes the Community of African Banking Supervisors (CABS); the Banking Commission of the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU); the Regulatory Committee of the Central Bank of Angola; the National Financial Supervision Council (NFSC) of Vietnam; the Commercial Bank Supervision Department of the Bank of Laos; and the Central Banks of Tanzania and Uganda. Our impact strategy leverages existing close links between several of our researchers and key stakeholders in LICs.

The project will enhance the capacity of LIC governments to make choices about financial regulation, and to ensure global standard-setting processes support these choices. It will also enhance the capacity of scholars and stakeholders in LICs to continue the research in-country: to this end we are working with in-country researchers on the case studies and engaging Southern stakeholders with targeted dissemination. We will engage directly with academic institutions in LICs, such as the Department of Economics, University of Dar es Salaam (Tanzania); the Departments of Economics and Law, University Ouaga II (Burkina Faso); the Economics and Management Faculty of Lom&eacute; and Kara Universities (Togo); the Economics Department, Agostinho Neto University (Angola); the Fulbright School (Vietnam, a partnership between Harvard Kennedy School and University of Economics, Ho Chi Minh City).

The project will enjoy a ready exploitation route, building on the excellent track record and extensive network of the Global Economic Governance Programme (GEG) and the Blavatnik School of Government, University of Oxford.</p>

本数据集涵盖各国采用巴塞尔银行监管标准（Basel banking standards）的程度相关时间序列数据，且按构成该标准的各项具体条款进行细分。绝大多数数据源自金融稳定研究院（Financial Stability Institute）针对巴塞尔银行监管委员会（Basel Committee on Banking Standards）以外国家采用巴塞尔标准情况开展的调研[1]。该调研于2012至2015年间每年开展一次，受访国家需说明其作为巴塞尔银行监管标准组成部分首次引入各项具体规则的年份。借此我们可倒推各项规则的首次采纳日期，从而构建2004至2015年的规则采纳时间序列。

全球金融危机爆发后，工业化国家已达成一系列监管改革共识，以修复并规范本国金融体系。包括低收入国家（Low-Income Countries, LICs）在内的所有国家均被鼓励采用这些全新的全球标准。二十国集团（G20）成员已要求金融稳定委员会（Financial Stability Board）、国际货币基金组织（IMF）及世界银行（World Bank）研究全球银行业举措对发展中及新兴经济体的影响，并将该领域视为推动包容性增长的核心政策关切。迄今为止，针对该问题的相关研究几乎仅聚焦于新兴市场经济体。低收入国家的政府与顾问均呼吁，亟需开展针对低收入国家的专项分析。

本项目将成为首批探讨国内及全球层面的政治制度与流程，如何影响全球银行业举措对低收入国家的作用效果，以及低收入国家利用金融流动推动包容性增长的能力的研究之一。本项目的核心研究问题包括：
1. 针对全新监管标准，低收入国家实际拥有多大的灵活空间？其自身需要多大的灵活空间？在何种经济、政治、全球、区域及国内条件下，低收入国家应当采纳新的监管标准？
2. 哪些影响全球标准制定流程与机构的策略，最有可能为低收入国家带来最优成果？

本项目融合政治学与经济学两门学科的研究方法，结合定量与定性分析手段，并将生成全新的数据集。项目产出将包括高质量的同行评审学术出版物，以及一系列定制化政策简报。

本项目的设计旨在通过与直面本研究探讨的问题的政策制定者持续开展直接互动，实现研究影响力的最大化。研究问题的设计过程已与低收入国家及发展中国家的政策制定者展开对话。我们将通过半结构化访谈、年度研讨会以及本项目的专家咨询委员会（Expert Advisory Board）持续与政策制定者保持互动。该委员会成员包括：东非开发银行总干事维维安·阿波波（Vivienne Apopo）、非洲开发银行首席经济学家姆图利·恩库贝（Mthuli Ncube）、G24秘书处主任阿马尔·巴塔查里亚（Amar Bhattacharya）。

本项目的核心受益方为低收入国家中致力于推动包容性、可持续增长的监管者、高级政府官员及其他利益相关方，其中包括非洲银行监管者协会（Community of African Banking Supervisors, CABS）、西非经济和货币联盟银行委员会（Banking Commission of the West African Economic and Monetary Union, WAEMU）、安哥拉中央银行监管委员会、越南国家金融监督委员会（National Financial Supervision Council, NFSC）、老挝银行商业银行监管部、坦桑尼亚中央银行以及乌干达中央银行。本项目的影响力策略将依托本项目多名研究者与低收入国家核心利益相关方已有的紧密合作关系。

本项目将提升低收入国家政府在金融监管领域的决策能力，并确保全球标准制定流程能够契合这些决策需求。同时，本项目还将提升低收入国家的学者与利益相关方在本国开展后续研究的能力。为此，我们将与本地研究者合作开展案例研究，并通过针对性传播工作对接南半球的利益相关方。我们将直接与低收入国家的学术机构展开合作，例如坦桑尼亚达累斯萨拉姆大学经济系、布基纳法索瓦加杜古第二大学经济与法律系、多哥洛美大学及卡拉大学经济与管理学院、安哥拉阿戈斯蒂尼奥·内托大学经济系以及越南富布赖特学院（由哈佛大学肯尼迪学院与胡志明市经济大学合作设立）。

依托牛津大学全球经济治理项目（Global Economic Governance Programme, GEG）与布拉瓦尼克政府学院（Blavatnik School of Government, University of Oxford）的卓越既往成果与广泛人脉网络，本项目将拥有成熟的成果转化路径。