Dataset for PhD thesis "Nudging at Scale: Uncovering Conversational AI Potentials to Facilitate Pro-environmental Behaviour Spillover"

[This dataset contains all data used for Studies 2 (qualitative), 3 (quantitative survey) and 4 (longitudinal) in my PhD research.]&lt;br&gt;Thesis abstract:This thesis explores the potential positive impact of artificial intelligence (AI) technology on sustainability in and outside of the tourism industry through four studies. Study 1 introduced the AI4GoodTourism framework, emphasising the need for <em style="color:black;">sustainability inclusion&lt;/em&gt; and <em style="color:black;">tourist involvement&lt;/em&gt; to achieve a successful sustainability transition. Five themes were identified through a systematic review: intelligent automation to enhance tourist experience, preserve heritage, promote quality of life, measure tourist experience, and preserve the environment. The latter theme was the least explored scholarly topic. Study 2 conceptualised a conversational AI chatbot to promote pro-environmental behaviour spillover among tourists visiting the Gili Islands, Indonesia. A theoretical model was proposed, highlighting factors influencing chatbot usage and spillover effects. Study 3 identified relationships between factors from Study 2, revealing that factors such as <em style="color:black;">performance expectancy, timing, &lt;/em&gt;and<em style="color:black;"> credibility&lt;/em&gt; significantly influenced people’s intention to use the proposed chatbot technology. A significant relationship was established between people’s intentions to use the chatbot and environmentally friendly transport. Scenario-based experiments showed that using the chatbot with educational information on sustainability was sufficient to trigger behaviour change. Study 4 explored the underlying mechanism of pro-environmental behaviour spillover through human-chatbot interactions using flashback nudging. A longitudinal experiment involving the Gili tourists demonstrated that flashback nudging delivered through chatbot technology strengthened their environmental self-identity, leading to significant differences in self-reported pro-environmental behaviour between treatment and control groups. In conclusion, the thesis demonstrates that AI technology, designed with high sustainability inclusion, can positively impact sustainability through tourists’ marginal contributions. The proposed AI4GoodTourism framework and the conceptualised chatbot technology, especially with flashback nudging, show potential for facilitating pro-environmental behaviour spillovers among tourists. All four studies in this thesis highlight the importance of prioritising sustainability in AI innovations for the tourism industry, offering insights for future AI development and adoption to support the global sustainability agenda.</em></em></em></em>

本数据集包含本人博士研究中研究2（质性研究）、研究3（定量调查）与研究4（纵向研究）所使用的全部数据。
论文摘要：本论文通过四项研究，探讨人工智能（Artificial Intelligence, AI）技术对旅游业内外可持续发展的潜在积极影响。研究1提出了AI4GoodTourism框架，强调要实现成功的可持续转型，需兼顾可持续包容性与游客参与。本研究通过系统综述归纳出五大研究主题：用以优化游客体验、保护文化遗产、提升生活品质、评估游客体验以及保护环境的智能自动化技术。其中，保护环境这一主题是学界探索最少的议题。研究2构建了对话式AI聊天机器人的概念模型，旨在促进印度尼西亚吉利群岛游客产生亲环境行为溢出效应。本研究提出了一项理论模型，重点剖析影响聊天机器人使用意愿与溢出效应的各类因素。研究3明确了研究2中各因素间的关联关系，结果显示绩效期望、使用时机与可信度等因素，会对用户使用该聊天机器人技术的意愿产生显著影响。用户使用聊天机器人的意愿与绿色出行行为之间存在显著关联。基于情景的实验结果表明，向用户推送带有可持续发展科普信息的聊天机器人，足以促使其行为发生改变。研究4采用回溯式助推（Flashback Nudging）方法，通过人机聊天交互，探究了亲环境行为溢出效应的内在作用机制。一项针对吉利群岛游客的纵向实验结果显示，通过聊天机器人推送的回溯式助推干预，能够强化游客的环境自我认同，进而使实验组与对照组在自我报告的亲环境行为上呈现显著差异。综上，本论文证明，具备高度可持续包容性的AI技术，可通过游客的边际贡献对可持续发展产生积极影响。本研究提出的AI4GoodTourism框架与构建的聊天机器人技术（尤其是结合回溯式助推功能），展现出促进游客产生亲环境行为溢出效应的应用潜力。本论文的四项研究均强调，在旅游业的AI创新中需将可持续发展置于优先地位，可为未来AI技术的研发与应用以支持全球可持续发展议程提供参考思路。