Intrinsic innate immunostimulation by small circRNA vaccines [tumor]

Various RNAs have been shown to elicit innate immunity by activating endosomal PRRs such as Toll-like receptors 3/7/8 (TLR3/7/8), and cytosolic PRRs (e.g., retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I), melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5)). Such innate immunity provides cytokines and co-stimulation signals that are essential for adaptive immunomodulation. We further employed RNA-seq genome-wide transcriptome analysis for the comprehensive understanding of the immunomodulation mechanisms by small circRNA vaccines in BMDCs or tumor tissues.