Land Cover 2050 - Global

Use this global model layer when performing analysis across continents. This layer displays a global land cover map and model for the year 2050 at a pixel resolution of 300m. ESA CCI land cover from the years 2010 and 2018 were used to create this prediction.<div><br /></div><div><b>Variable mapped:</b> Projected land cover in 2050.</div><div><b>Data Projection:</b> Cylindrical Equal Area</div><div><b>Mosaic Projection</b>: Cylindrical Equal Area</div><div><b>Extent:</b> Global </div><div><b>Cell Size: 300m</b></div><div><b>Source Type:</b> Thematic</div><div><b>Visible Scale:</b> 1:50,000 and smaller</div><div><b>Source: </b>Clark University</div><div><b>Publication date: </b>April 2021</div><div><br /></div><div><b>What you can do with this layer?</b></div><div><br /></div><div>This layer may be added to online maps and compared with the ESA CCI Land Cover from any year from 1992 to 2018. To do this, add Global Land Cover 1992-2018 to your map and choose the processing template (image display) from that layer called “Simplified Renderer.” </div><div><br /></div><div>This layer can also be used in analysis in ecological planning to find specific areas that may need to be set aside before they are converted to human use.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Links to the six Clark University land cover 2050 layers in ArcGIS Living Atlas of the World:</b></div><div>There are three scales (country, regional, and world) for the land cover and vulnerability models. They’re all slightly different since the country model can be more fine-tuned to the drivers in that particular area. Regional (continental) and global have more spatially consistent model weights. Which should you use? If you’re analyzing one country or want to make accurate comparisons between countries, use the country level. If mapping larger patterns, use the global or regional extent (depending on your area of interest). </div><div><br /></div><div><div style='font-family:&quot;Avenir Next W01&quot;, &quot;Avenir Next W00&quot;, &quot;Avenir Next&quot;, Avenir, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, sans-serif; font-size:16px;'><a href='https://arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=cee96e0ada6541d0bd3d67f3f8b5ce63' rel='nofollow ugc' style='color:rgb(0, 121, 193); text-decoration-line:none; font-family:inherit;' target='_blank'>Land Cover 2050  - Global</a><br /></div><div style='font-family:&quot;Avenir Next W01&quot;, &quot;Avenir Next W00&quot;, &quot;Avenir Next&quot;, Avenir, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, sans-serif; font-size:16px;'><a href='https://arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=ec4d1d1fe03a4e62997a7a9397cf644d' rel='nofollow ugc' style='color:rgb(0, 121, 193); text-decoration-line:none; font-family:inherit;' target='_blank'>Land Cover 2050 - Regional</a><br /></div><div style='font-family:&quot;Avenir Next W01&quot;, &quot;Avenir Next W00&quot;, &quot;Avenir Next&quot;, Avenir, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, sans-serif; font-size:16px;'><a href='https://arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=afeaa714dd8b4553bc92898002abf145' rel='nofollow ugc' style='color:rgb(0, 121, 193); text-decoration-line:none; font-family:inherit;' target='_blank'>Land Cover 2050 - Country</a><br /></div><div style='font-family:&quot;Avenir Next W01&quot;, &quot;Avenir Next W00&quot;, &quot;Avenir Next&quot;, Avenir, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, sans-serif; font-size:16px;'><a href='https://arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=4040cafb922440f59d3ce52326402875' rel='nofollow ugc' style='color:rgb(0, 121, 193); text-decoration-line:none; font-family:inherit;' target='_blank'>Land Cover Vulnerability to Change 2050 Global</a><br /></div><div style='font-family:&quot;Avenir Next W01&quot;, &quot;Avenir Next W00&quot;, &quot;Avenir Next&quot;, Avenir, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, sans-serif; font-size:16px;'><a href='https://arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=4f870e3f114f4ebc80477b9fcc4369bb' rel='nofollow ugc' style='color:rgb(0, 121, 193); text-decoration-line:none; font-family:inherit;' target='_blank'>Land Cover Vulnerability to Change 2050 Regional</a><br /></div><div style='font-family:&quot;Avenir Next W01&quot;, &quot;Avenir Next W00&quot;, &quot;Avenir Next&quot;, Avenir, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, sans-serif; font-size:16px;'><a href='https://arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=20bfd812017e4bc1a241d2581c156bcd' rel='nofollow ugc' style='color:rgb(0, 121, 193); text-decoration-line:none; font-family:inherit;' target='_blank'>Land Cover Vulnerability to Change 2050 Country</a></div></div><div><br /></div><div><b>What these layers model (and what they don’t model)</b></div><div><br /></div><div>The model focuses on human-based land cover changes and projects the extent of these changes to the year 2050. It seeks to find where agricultural and urban land cover will cover the planet in that year, and what areas are most vulnerable to change due to the expansion of the human footprint. It does not predict changes to other land cover types such as forests or other natural vegetation during that time period unless it is replaced by agriculture or urban land cover. It also doesn’t predict sea level rise unless the model detected a pattern in changes in bodies of water between 2010 and 2018. A few 300m pixels might have changed due to sea level rise during that timeframe, but not many.</div><div><br /></div><div>The model predicts land cover changes based upon patterns it found in the period 2010-2018. But it cannot predict future land use. This is partly because current land use is not necessarily a model input. In this model, land set aside as a result of political decisions, for example military bases or nature reserves, may be found to be filled in with urban or agricultural areas in 2050. This is because the model is blind to the political decisions that affect land use.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Quantitative Variables used to create Models</b></div><div><ul><li>Biomass</li><li>Crop Suitability</li><li>Distance to Airports</li><li>Distance to Cropland 2010</li><li>Distance to Primary Roads</li><li>Distance to Railroads</li><li>Distance to Secondary Roads</li><li>Distance to Settled Areas</li><li>Distance to Urban 2010</li><li>Elevation</li><li>GDP</li><li>Human Influence Index</li><li>Population Density</li><li>Precipitation</li><li>Regions </li><li>Slope</li><li>Temperature</li></ul></div><div><br /></div><div><b>Qualitative Variables used to create Models</b></div><div><ul><li>Biomes</li><li>Ecoregions</li><li>Irrigated Crops</li><li>Protected Areas</li><li>Provinces</li><li>Rainfed Crops</li><li>Soil Classification</li><li>Soil Depth</li><li>Soil Drainage</li><li>Soil pH</li><li>Soil Texture</li></ul></div><div><b>Were small countries modeled?</b></div><div><br /></div><div>Clark University modeled some small countries that had a few transitions. Only five countries were modeled with this procedure: Bhutan, North Macedonia, Palau, Singapore and Vanuatu.</div><div><br /></div><div>As a rule of thumb, the MLP neural network in the Land Change Modeler requires at least 100 pixels of change for model calibration. Several countries experienced less than 100 pixels of change between 2010 &amp; 2018 and therefore required an alternate modeling methodology. These countries are Bhutan, North Macedonia, Palau, Singapore and Vanuatu. To overcome the lack of samples, these select countries were resampled from 300 meters to 150 meters, effectively multiplying the number of pixels by four. As a result, we were able to empirically model countries which originally had as few as 25 pixels of change.</div><div><br /></div><div>Once a selected country was resampled to 150 meter resolution, three transition potential images were calibrated and averaged to produce one final transition potential image per transition. Clark Labs chose to create averaged transition potential images to limit artifacts of model overfitting. Though each model contained at least 100 samples of &quot;change&quot;, this is still relatively little for a neural network-based model and could lead to anomalous outcomes. The averaged transition potentials were used to extrapolate change and produce a final hard prediction and risk map of natural land cover conversion to Cropland and Artificial Surfaces in 2050.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>39 Small Countries Not Modeled</b></div><div><br /></div><div>There were 39 countries that were not modeled because the transitions, if any, from natural to anthropogenic were very small. In this case the land cover for 2050 for these countries are the same as the 2018 maps and their vulnerability was given a value of 0. Here were the countries not modeled:</div><div><ul><li>Andorra</li><li>Antigua and Barbuda</li><li>Barbados</li><li>Cape Verde</li><li>Comoros</li><li>Cook Islands</li><li>Djibouti</li><li>Dominica</li><li>Faroe Islands</li><li>French Guyana</li><li>French Polynesia</li><li>Gibraltar</li><li>Grenada</li><li>Guam</li><li>Guyana</li><li>Iceland</li><li>Jan Mayen</li><li>Kiribati</li><li>Liechtenstein</li><li>Luxembourg</li><li>Maldives</li><li>Malta</li><li>Marshall Islands</li><li>Micronesia, Federated States of</li><li>Moldova</li><li>Monaco</li><li>Nauru</li><li>Saint Kitts and Nevis</li><li>Saint Lucia</li><li>Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</li><li>Samoa</li><li>San Marino</li><li>Seychelles</li><li>Suriname</li><li>Svalbard</li><li>The Bahamas</li><li>Tonga</li><li>Tuvalu</li><li>Vatican City</li></ul></div><div><br /></div><div><b>Index to land cover values in this dataset:</b></div><div><br /></div><div>The Clark University Land Cover 2050 projections display a ten-class land cover generalized from ESA Climate Change Initiative Land Cover. </div><div><br /></div><div>1    Mostly Cropland</div><div>2    Grassland, Scrub, or Shrub</div><div>3    Mostly Deciduous Forest</div><div>4    Mostly Needleleaf/Evergreen Forest</div><div>5    Sparse Vegetation</div><div>6    Bare Area</div><div>7    Swampy or Often Flooded Vegetation</div><div>8    Artificial Surface or Urban Area</div><div>9    Surface Water</div><div>10    Permanent Snow and Ice</div>