Biosynthetic pathways of vitamin E, vitamin K1, carotenoid and plastoquinone.

Substrate abbreviations: DHNA, 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphtoate; DMPBQ, 2,3-dimethyl-5-phytyl benzoquinol; DMPQ, demethylphylloquinone; DMAPP, dimethylallyl diphosphate; GGDP, geranylgeranyl diphosphate; HGA, homogentisate; HPP, ρ-hydroxyphenylpyruvate; IPP, isopentenyl diphosphate; MPBQ, 2-methyl-6-phytyl-1,4-benzoquinol; MSBQ, 2-methyl-6-solanesyl-1,4-benzoquinol; PDP, phytyl diphosphate; SDP, solanesyl diphosphate. Enzyme abbreviations: DHNA-PT, DHNA phytyl transferase; DMPQ-MT, DMPQ methyltransferase; GGPS, geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase; GGR, geranylgeranyl reductase; HPPD, HPP dioxygenase; HPT, homogentisate phytyl transferase; HST, homogentisate solanesyl transferase; MPBQ/MSBQ-MT, MPBQ/MSBQ methyltransferase; PSY, phytoene synthase; TC, tocopherol cyclase; γ-TMT, γ-tocopherol methyltransferase.