Uniform Crime Reporting Program Data: Hate Crime Data, 2012 [Record-Type Files]

In response to a growing concern about hate crimes, the
United States Congress enacted the Hate Crime Statistics Act of
1990. The Act requires the attorney general to establish guidelines
and collect, as part of the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program,
data "about crimes that manifest evidence of prejudice based on race,
religion, sexual orientation, or ethnicity, including where
appropriate the crimes of murder and non-negligent manslaughter,
forcible rape, aggravated assault, simple assault, intimidation,
arson, and destruction, damage or vandalism of property." Hate crime
data collection was required by the Act to begin in calendar year 1990
and to continue for four successive years. In September 1994, the
Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act amended the Hate Crime
Statistics Act to add disabilities, both physical and mental, as
factors that could be considered a basis for hate crimes. Although the
Act originally mandated data collection for five years, the Church
Arson Prevention Act of 1996 amended the collection duration "for each
calendar year," making hate crime statistics a permanent addition to
the UCR program. As with the other UCR data, law enforcement agencies
contribute reports either directly or through their state reporting
programs. Information contained in the data includes number of victims
and offenders involved in each hate crime incident, type of victims,
bias motivation, offense type, and location type.

针对仇恨犯罪问题日益引发社会关注的现状，美国国会于1990年颁布《仇恨犯罪统计法案》（Hate Crime Statistics Act of 1990）。该法案要求司法部长制定相关工作指南，并将相关数据收集作为统一犯罪报告（Uniform Crime Reporting, UCR）计划的组成部分，收集带有基于种族、宗教、性取向或族裔偏见证据的犯罪数据，酌情涵盖谋杀、非过失杀人、暴力强奸、加重攻击、普通攻击、恐吓、纵火以及财产毁损、损坏或故意毁坏财物类犯罪。法案要求仇恨犯罪数据收集工作于1990年日历年启动，并连续开展四年。1994年9月，《暴力犯罪控制与执法法案》（Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act）对《仇恨犯罪统计法案》进行修订，将生理残疾与心理残疾均列为仇恨犯罪的偏见动机依据。尽管该法案最初仅规定为期五年的数据收集周期，但1996年的《教堂纵火预防法案》（Church Arson Prevention Act of 1996）将数据收集期限修改为"适用于每个日历年"，使仇恨犯罪统计正式成为UCR计划的永久组成部分。与其他UCR数据一致，执法机构可直接或通过州级报告程序提交相关报告。该数据集涵盖的信息包括每起仇恨犯罪事件中的受害者与犯罪者人数、受害者类型、偏见动机、犯罪类型以及案发地点类型。