Data from: Differences in endophyte communities of introduced trees depend on the phylogenetic relatedness of the receiving forest

Plant species sometimes perform extraordinarily well when introduced to new environments, through achieving higher growth rates, individual biomasses or higher densities in their receiving communities compared to their native range communities. One hypothesis proposed to explain enhanced performance in species’ new environments is that their soil microbial communities may be different and provide greater benefit than microbial communities encountered in species’ native environments. However, detailed descriptions of soil biota associated with species in both their native and introduced environments remain scarce.
We established a global network of sites in regions where the tree species Pinus contorta has been introduced (Chile, New Zealand, Finland, Scotland and Sweden), as well as native range sites where the introduced populations originated (Canada and USA). We conducted pyrosequencing analysis to compare the root fungal endophyte communities associated with P. contorta in its native environments and in introduced environments with phylogenetically similar and dissimilar tree species (i.e. P. sylvestris in Europe and Nothofagus spp. in the Southern Hemisphere).
Fungal communities associated with P. contorta consistently differed between its introduced and native environments. In Europe, P. contorta associated with the same community as P. sylvestris, where one particular species (Piloderma sphaerosporum) was particularly abundant relative to Canadian sites. In the Southern Hemisphere, P. contorta fungal communities were composed primarily of North American taxa and exhibited very little overlap with fungal communities associated with native Nothofagus spp.
Synthesis. Our work shows that plants exhibit considerable plasticity in their interaction with fungi, by associating with different fungal communities across native and introduced environments. Our work also indicates that fungal communities associated with introduced plants can assemble through different mechanisms, that is by associating with existing fungal communities of phylogenetically close species, or through reassembly of co-introduced and co-invading fungi. The identification of different fungal communities in a plant species new environment provides an important step forward in understanding how soil biota may impact growth and invasion when a species is introduced to new environments.

植物物种被引入新环境后，有时会表现出格外优异的生长态势：相较于其原生分布区的群落，它们在引入地群落中可获得更高的生长速率、更大的个体生物量或更高的种群密度。为解释物种在新环境中的生长优势，学界提出了一项假说：植物在入侵地的土壤微生物群落可能与其原生分布区的存在差异，且能为植物提供更优的生长益处。然而，目前针对物种在原生及引入环境中关联的土壤生物群落的详细研究仍较为匮乏。

我们构建了一个全球样地网络：覆盖扭叶松（*Pinus contorta*）的引种区域（智利、新西兰、芬兰、苏格兰及瑞典），以及其引种种群的原生分布区样地（加拿大与美国）。我们通过焦磷酸测序（pyrosequencing）分析，对比了扭叶松在原生环境，以及与系统发育相似或相异的伴生树种（欧洲的欧洲赤松*Pinus sylvestris*与南半球的南山毛榉属*Nothofagus* spp.）共存的引种环境中，其根部关联的真菌内生菌（fungal endophyte）群落结构。

扭叶松关联的真菌内生菌群落，在其引种环境与原生环境间始终存在显著差异。在欧洲区域，扭叶松的真菌群落与欧洲赤松的真菌群落趋于一致，其中球孢被孢霉（*Piloderma sphaerosporum*）的相对丰度远高于加拿大原生样地。在南半球，扭叶松的真菌群落主要由北美类群构成，与本土南山毛榉属物种关联的真菌群落重叠度极低。

综合分析：本研究表明，植物与真菌的互作具有显著的可塑性——在原生与引种环境中可与不同的真菌群落建立关联。同时，本研究还揭示，入侵植物关联的真菌群落可通过两种不同机制组装：一是与系统发育相近的本土物种的现存真菌群落建立关联，二是通过共引入、共入侵的真菌类群重新组装。针对植物新环境中差异真菌群落的鉴定，为理解物种被引入新环境后，土壤生物群落如何影响其生长与入侵过程提供了重要的研究进展。