Nine Days Naptown ESRI shapefile references and GeoDa “.gda” workfile

Title of reference article:<i>Nine Days of Naptown Arrests: How and Why Spatial Data Should Discomfort Us</i>Author J. Kevin ByrneDate authored: August 23, 2020Abstract: During nine successive days in 2019 Indianapolis (IN) police made arrests across six districts. <i>Exploratory spatial data analysis</i> (ESDA) revealed how variables of arrests, race, aggressive use of force (UOF), injuries, and their location interact with each other. <i>Scatterplots</i> with R-squared values &gt; 0.6 suggested aggressive UOF contributed to injuries of arrested residents across all races, Caucasian officers may have excessively injured arrested residents, and aggressive UOF correlated with arrests of African-Americans. Findings for <i>parallel-coordinate-plots</i> dove deeper in terms of spatial implications and ethical considerations (e.g., by visually demonstrating presence of a cluster of observed residents’ arrests as coinciding with African-American census geodemographics). This “small-sample” can surprise the reader. My conclusion proposed two aims: 1) solidify hypotheses (for further ESDA) that may induce ethical discomfort (a good thing) pertaining to the subject of <i>structural racism,</i> and 2) use findings to usher civic policymakers down more strident paths to sociocultural change.<br>Indianapolis (IN) police districts and zones shapefiles that were made public by ESRI were used by way of my ESDA.<br> Path to shapefiles’ source:http://data.indy.gov/datasets/indianapolis-police-zonesN.B.: Safari web-browser not recommended. <br>Shapefile metadata are here: https://www.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=b59421675f2a40fda9b00beeb875996f<br>Using GeoDa I did a spatial join that permitted my ESDA to analyze variables with scatterplots, PCPs, and datamaps. My final GeoDa file – titled <i>NapWorksProj.gda</i> – is herewith.<br>Also herewith are my GeoDa's shapefiles – created natively – titled as follows:· NapWorks.cpg· NapWorks.dbf· NapWorks.prj· NapWorks.shp· NapWorks.shx

参考文章标题：《纳普敦九日逮捕事件：空间数据何以令我们心生不安》
作者：J. Kevin Byrne
创作日期：2020年8月23日

摘要：2019年，印第安纳波利斯（印第安纳州，IN）警方在连续九日的行动中，于六个警务辖区内实施逮捕。探索性空间数据分析（Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis, ESDA）揭示了逮捕量、种族、强制使用武力（Use of Force, UOF）、受伤情况及其空间位置之间的相互关联模式。R平方值大于0.6的散点图（Scatterplots）显示：激进型强制使用武力与所有种族被捕居民的受伤程度呈显著正相关；白人警员可能对被捕居民存在过度武力致伤行为；激进型强制使用武力与非裔美国人的逮捕数量存在相关性。平行坐标图（Parallel-coordinate-plots, PCPs）的分析结果则进一步深入探讨了空间影响与伦理议题——例如，通过可视化呈现被捕居民聚集区域与非裔美国人人口普查地理人口统计特征高度重合的现象。此项“小样本”研究或将出乎读者意料。

本文结论提出两大研究目标：其一，固化与结构性种族主义（structural racism）相关的研究假设，以供后续探索性空间数据分析开展，该议题足以引发伦理层面的不安（这恰恰是本研究的核心价值所在）；其二，依托研究成果推动市政决策者采取更具力度的路径以推进社会文化变革。

本研究的探索性空间数据分析采用了ESRI公开的印第安纳波利斯警方辖区与分区形状文件（shapefiles）。形状文件来源路径：http://data.indy.gov/datasets/indianapolis-police-zones。注意：不建议使用Safari浏览器访问该链接。形状文件元数据地址：https://www.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=b59421675f2a40fda9b00beeb875996f。

本研究借助GeoDa软件完成空间连接操作，使得探索性空间数据分析能够通过散点图、平行坐标图与数据地图对各项变量进行分析。本文附带的最终GeoDa项目文件名为《NapWorksProj.gda》。同时附带的还有原生生成的GeoDa格式形状文件，具体包括：
· NapWorks.cpg
· NapWorks.dbf
· NapWorks.prj
· NapWorks.shp
· NapWorks.shx