Combined Effects of near-future temperature increase and ocean acidification on coral reef foraminifera Marginopora vertebralis and Heterostegina depressa. (NERP TE 5.2, AIMS and MARUM)

This dataset measures 5 effects of temperature and pH stressors (individual and combined) on tropical Foraminifera. The effects measured are: respiration, survivorship, growth, chl-a content and photochemistry. The study was conducted in 2011 and the data is provided as 5 single sheet spreadsheets.\n\nWarming and changes in ocean carbonate chemistry alter marine coastal ecosystems at an accelerating pace. Here we investigate the individual effects as well as the interaction of two stressors, temperature and pH on two species of benthic coral reef Foraminifera. This study consisted of a 7 week aquarium experiment manipulating temperature and pH changes and measuring survivorship, growth, photosynthesis, respiration and chl-a content in these benthic coral reef Foraminifera.\n\n\nMethod:\n\nSpecimens were collected from Orpheus Island in the central Great Barrier Reef in September 2011. H. depressa was collected at a depth of 8¿12 m from coral rubble at Cattle Bay (18°34¿08¿¿ S 146°28¿55¿¿ E) and M. vertebralis at a depth of 0¿1 m (below Lowest Astronomical Tide) from turf algae-covered rocks at Hazard Bay (18°38¿58¿¿ S 146°29¿11¿¿ E). Both species were acclimated to laboratory conditions in tanks with moderate flow-through conditions (same as used in experimental setup) under low-light conditions (10 µmol photons m-2 s-1) for a period of 3 weeks.\n12 flow-through aquaria (working volume 17.5 L) were installed in a constant temperature room, and the experiment was carried out over a period of 53 d.\n\nSpecimens were kept inside custom made flow-through housings in each aquarium to achieve higher flow conditions more closely mimicking their habitat than in previous experiments. Flow-through housings contained two levels made from two standard 6-well cell culturing plates with flow-through lids. Twenty-four specimens (four specimens per well) of H. depressa were put in the lower level and the same number of M. vertebralis in the top level.\n\nFor each temperature (28 and 31 ºC) and pCO2 level (~790 µatm, pHNIST 7.9 and ~490 µatm, pHNIST 8.1), three replicate tanks were used; replicate tanks were randomly allocated to treatments. Seawater was pumped from the ocean into the laboratory, filtered to 5 µm, and stored in four header tanks where it was modified to the desired experimental conditions. Manual temperature and pH measurements were performed once to twice per day. Water samples for total alkalinity (AT) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) determinations were taken weekly and analysed by AIMS Laboratory Services.\n\nFlow rates into the individual wells were recorded before and after the experiment, ranging between 180 and 220 mL min-1. Velocity of the water flow varied from 4.2¿5.2 9 10-1 m s-1 at the inlet (Ø 0.3 cm) to 3.1¿3.8 9 10-3 m s-1 at the outlet (Ø 3.5 cm). The flow rates between inlet and outlet are in the same range as those measured in situ over dead coral rubble and sea grass.\n\nFlow-through housings were made containing two levels so that one species could be kept in the top level exposed to higher light levels than the species in the lower level. Light levels were chosen for each species separately because of their known distributions and different light saturation points determined by pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) fluorometry. PAM fluorometry results for M. vertebralis indicated a maximum saturating irradiance (Ek) between 100 and 140 µmol photons m-2 s-1 and for H. depressa between 40 and 60 µmol photons m-2 s-1 (Ziegler and Uthicke 2011). The light levels used in the experiment were chosen to fall below the Ek values by Ziegler and Uthicke (2011) and P¿I curve Pmax values determined by Vogel and Uthicke (2012) and were selected to correspond to levels which have shown no changes in mortality rates or chlorophyll a concentrations in previous experimental manipulations of the studied species.\n\nFurther detail can be found in this publication:\nSchmidt, C., Kucera, M., & Uthicke, S. (2014). Combined effects of warming and ocean acidification on coral reef Foraminifera Marginopora vertebralis and Heterostegina depressa. Coral Reefs, 33(3), 805-818. DOI 10.1007/s00338-014-1151-4\n\n\nFormat:\n\n5 text (csv) files are given, one for each measurement.\n\nThe 5 tables are listed below where:\n Species: H=Heterostegina, M=Marginopora\n Temperature: °C\n Treatment: abbr. of Temp°C, and pH\n\n1.)\tForaminifera_survivorship.csv\nTank, Species, Real Temp (°C), Real pH, Treatment\n\n2.)\tForaminifera_PAM_data.csv\nTank, Well, MQY (Maximum Quantum Yield, Fv:Fm), EQY (Effective Quantum Yield), Ps (Apparent Photosynthetic Rate), Treatment, Species \n\n3.)\tForaminfera_Respiration_data.csv\nRespiration [µg O2 h-1 mg-1], Production [µg O2 h-1 mg-1], Net production, Tank, Species, Absolute Respiration (Respiration given as positive), Treatment\n\n4.)\tForaminifera_growth.csv\nAquaria Number, Well, Area Inital (mm2), Area Final (mm2), Growth (%/day), Treatment, Real Temp, Real pH, Species (Averages given per Well in Marginopora, individual sizes per well in Heterostegina) \n \n5.)\tForaminifera_chla content-csv \nTreatment, Chl a (µg pigment/ mg wet weight of the Foraminifera), Tank, Species

本数据集旨在探究温度与pH胁迫因子（单独及联合胁迫）对热带有孔虫（Foraminifera）的5项效应，所测定的效应包括：呼吸作用、存活率、生长、叶绿素a（chl-a）含量及光化学作用。本研究于2011年开展，数据以5个单页电子表格形式提供。

海洋变暖和海洋碳酸盐化学变化正以加速的态势改变着沿岸海洋生态系统。本研究针对两种造礁底栖有孔虫，探究温度与pH两种胁迫因子的单独效应及其交互作用。实验为为期7周的水族箱操控实验，通过调控温度与pH条件，测定了这些造礁底栖有孔虫的存活率、生长、光合作用、呼吸作用及叶绿素a含量。

### 实验方法
实验标本于2011年9月采自大堡礁中部的奥费斯岛。异足筛虫（Heterostegina depressa, H. depressa）采集于牛湾（Cattle Bay，18°34′08″ S 146°28′55″ E）的珊瑚碎石中，水深8~12 m；脊椎虫（Marginopora vertebralis, M. vertebralis）采集于危险湾（Hazard Bay，18°38′58″ S 146°29′11″ E）的藻类覆盖岩石上，水深0~1 m（低于天文最低潮位）。两种标本均在中等流水（与实验装置一致）、低光（10 µmol光子·m⁻²·s⁻¹）的实验室条件下驯化3周。

共设置12个流水水族箱（工作容积17.5 L），安装于恒温室内，实验持续53天。

每个水族箱内均安装定制的流水容纳装置，以实现比以往实验更贴近其自然栖息地的高流水环境。该装置由两块带流水盖的标准6孔细胞培养板分为上下两层：下层放置24个异足筛虫标本（每孔4个），上层放置等量的脊椎虫标本。

本实验设置2个温度梯度（28 ℃与31 ℃）与2个pCO₂水平（约790 µatm，pH（NIST标度）7.9；约490 µatm，pH（NIST标度）8.1），每个处理组设置3个重复水族箱，重复组随机分配至各处理。海水从海洋抽取并过滤至5 µm，储存在4个高位储水箱中，经调控达到实验预设条件。每日开展1~2次手动温度与pH监测，每周采集总碱度（AT）与溶解无机碳（DIC）水样，由澳大利亚海洋科学研究所（AIMS）实验室服务中心完成分析。

实验前后分别记录各孔的水流速率，范围为180~220 mL·min⁻¹。水流速度在入口（直径0.3 cm）处为4.2~5.2×10⁻¹ m·s⁻¹，在出口（直径3.5 cm）处为3.1~3.8×10⁻³ m·s⁻¹，该流速范围与野外死珊瑚碎石及海草床中的实测流速一致。

流水容纳装置的分层设计可使上层物种获得比下层更高的光照强度。光照强度根据两种有孔虫的已知分布及通过脉冲振幅调制荧光光度法（Pulse Amplitude Modulation, PAM）测定的光饱和点分别设定：PAM荧光测定结果显示，脊椎虫的最大饱和光强（Ek）为100~140 µmol光子·m⁻²·s⁻¹，异足筛虫为40~60 µmol光子·m⁻²·s⁻¹（Ziegler & Uthicke, 2011）。本实验采用的光照强度均低于上述研究测定的Ek值及Vogel与Uthicke（2012）测定的P-I曲线最大光合速率（Pmax）对应的光强，且该光照强度在以往针对该研究物种的操控实验中未引起死亡率或叶绿素a浓度的显著变化。

更多实验细节可参阅以下文献：
Schmidt C, Kucera M, Uthicke S. 2014. Combined effects of warming and ocean acidification on coral reef Foraminifera Marginopora vertebralis and Heterostegina depressa. Coral Reefs, 33(3): 805-818. DOI: 10.1007/s00338-014-1151-4

### 数据格式
本数据集包含5个文本（CSV）文件，分别对应一项测定指标。5个数据表的字段说明如下：
- 物种（Species）：H代表异足筛虫（Heterostegina），M代表脊椎虫（Marginopora）
- 温度（Temperature）：单位为摄氏度（°C）
- 处理组（Treatment）：温度（℃）与pH的缩写组合

各文件详情如下：
1. Foraminifera_survivorship.csv：包含字段：水族箱编号（Tank）、物种（Species）、实测温度（Real Temp, °C）、实测pH（Real pH）、处理组（Treatment）
2. Foraminifera_PAM_data.csv：包含字段：水族箱编号（Tank）、孔位（Well）、最大量子产额（MQY, Fv:Fm）、有效量子产额（EQY）、表观光合速率（Ps）、处理组（Treatment）、物种（Species）
3. Foraminifera_Respiration_data.csv：包含字段：呼吸速率（Respiration, µg O₂ h⁻¹ mg⁻¹）、总光合产量（Production, µg O₂ h⁻¹ mg⁻¹）、净光合产量（Net production）、水族箱编号（Tank）、物种（Species）、绝对呼吸速率（Absolute Respiration，呼吸速率以正值表示）、处理组（Treatment）
4. Foraminifera_growth.csv：包含字段：水族箱编号（Aquaria Number）、孔位（Well）、初始面积（Area Initial, mm²）、最终面积（Area Final, mm²）、日生长率（Growth, %/day）、处理组（Treatment）、实测温度（Real Temp）、实测pH（Real pH）、物种（Species）（注：脊椎虫数据以孔为单位取平均值，异足筛虫数据为孔内个体尺寸）
5. Foraminifera_chla content.csv：包含字段：处理组（Treatment）、叶绿素a含量（Chl a, µg 色素·mg⁻¹有孔虫湿重）、水族箱编号（Tank）、物种（Species）