Anthropogenic Biomes of the World (Anthromes) v 2.0: Anthropogenic Transformation of the Biomes, 1700 to 2000

A global map of anthropogenic transformations of terrestrial biomes has been produced to characterize the ecosystem changes due to anthropogenic influences before and during the Industrial Revolution, from 1700 to 2000. Patterns of anthropogenic transformations were assessed at 5 min resolution by comparing potential natural vegetation maps (Ramankutty and Foley, 1999; Olson et al., 2001) with the anthrome map of Ellis and Ramankutty (2008) circa 2000, global, historical gridded data for human population density and agricultural and urban land use from the HYDE data model (Klein Goldewijk and van Drecht, 2006), ORNL LandScan population data, irrigated land data (Siebert et al., 2007), rice cover data (Monfreda et al., 2008), and other agricultural census data at century intervals (1700, 1800, 1900, and 2000). The investigators used overlay analysis and other analytical geographic information system (GIS) software tools to produce the four data sets and maps. For more information, see Ellis, E.C., Kees Klein Goldewijk, K., Siebert, S., Lightman, D., and Ramankutty, N. 2010. Anthropogenic transformation of the biomes, 1700 to 2000. Global Ecology and Biogeography 19: 589-606. References: Ellis, E.C., and N. Ramankutty. 2008. Putting people in the map: anthropogenic biomes of the world. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 6(8): 439-447. Monfreda, C., N. Ramankutty, and J. A. Foley. 2008. Farming the planet: 2. Geographic distribution of crop areas, yields, physiological types, and net primary production in the year 2000, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 22, GB1022, doi:10.1029/2007GB002947; Ramankutty, N., A.T. Evan, C. Monfreda, and J.A. Foleyl. 2008. Farming the planet: 1. Geographic distribution of global agricultural lands in the year 2000. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 22, GB1003, doi:10.1029/2007GB002952; Siebert, S., P. Doll, S. Feick, J. Hoogeveen, and K. Frenken. 2007. Global map of irrigation areas version 4.0.1. Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany/Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy; Oak Ridge National Laboratory (2006) LandScan Global Population Database. Oak RidgeNational Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN. [http://www.ornl.gov/landscan]; and Olson, D.M., E. Dinerstein, E.D. Wikramanayake, N.D. Burgess, G.V.N Powell, E.C. Underwood, J.A. D’Amico, I. Itoua, H.E. Strand, J.C. Morrison, C.J. Loucks, T.F. Allnutt, T.H. Ricketts, Y. Kura, J.F. Lamoreux, W.W. Wettengel, P. Hedao, and K.R. Kassem. 2001. Terrestrial ecoregions of the world: a new map of life on Earth. BioScience 51: 933–938.

本数据集生成了一套全球陆地生物群系人为改造地图，用以刻画1700年至2000年工业革命前后受人类活动影响的生态系统变化特征。研究以5弧分分辨率对人为改造格局进行评估，通过对比潜在自然植被地图（Ramankutty与Foley, 1999; Olson等, 2001）与Ellis和Ramankutty（2008）2000年左右的全球人为生物群系地图，同时结合HYDE数据模型（Klein Goldewijk与van Drecht, 2006）、橡树岭国家实验室（Oak Ridge National Laboratory, ORNL）LandScan人口数据集、灌溉土地数据（Siebert等, 2007）、水稻覆盖数据（Monfreda等, 2008）以及世纪间隔（1700、1800、1900与2000年）的农业普查数据，获取全球历史网格化的人口密度、农业与城市土地利用数据。研究者通过叠加分析及其他地理信息系统（Geographic Information System, GIS）分析工具，生成了四套数据集与对应地图。

更多详细信息可参见：Ellis, E.C., Kees Klein Goldewijk, K., Siebert, S., Lightman, D. 与Ramankutty, N. 2010. 《1700至2000年生物群系的人为改造》. 《全球生态学与生物地理学》（Global Ecology and Biogeography）19卷: 589-606。

参考文献如下：
1. Ellis, E.C. 与N. Ramankutty. 2008. 《将人类纳入地图：全球人为生物群系》. 《生态学与环境前沿》（Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment）6(8): 439-447.
2. Monfreda, C., N. Ramankutty, 与J. A. Foley. 2008. 《耕作地球：2. 2000年作物面积、产量、生理类型与净初级生产的地理分布》. 《全球生物地球化学循环》（Global Biogeochem. Cycles）, 22, GB1022, doi:10.1029/2007GB002947;
3. Ramankutty, N., A.T. Evan, C. Monfreda, 与J.A. Foley. 2008. 《耕作地球：1. 2000年全球农业用地的地理分布》. 《全球生物地球化学循环》（Global Biogeochemical Cycles）22, GB1003, doi:10.1029/2007GB002952;
4. Siebert, S., P. Doll, S. Feick, J. Hoogeveen, 与K. Frenken. 2007. 《全球灌溉区地图版本4.0.1》. 德国美因河畔法兰克福约翰·沃尔夫冈·歌德大学/意大利罗马联合国粮食及农业组织;
5. 橡树岭国家实验室（2006）LandScan全球人口数据库. 橡树岭国家实验室，橡树岭，田纳西州. [http://www.ornl.gov/landscan];
6. Olson, D.M., E. Dinerstein, E.D. Wikramanayake, N.D. Burgess, G.V.N Powell, E.C. Underwood, J.A. D’Amico, I. Itoua, H.E. Strand, J.C. Morrison, C.J. Loucks, T.F. Allnutt, T.H. Ricketts, Y. Kura, J.F. Lamoreux, W.W. Wettengel, P. Hedao, 与K.R. Kassem. 2001. 《全球陆地生态区：地球生命新地图》. 《生物科学》（BioScience）51: 933–938.