Distribution uniformity in drip units applying dilutions of treated water produced by oil exploration

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the uniformity of distribution in drip units applying dilutions of treated water produced by oil exploration. The experiment was set up in a completely randomized design in a split-split-plot scheme, with three replicates. The plots were composed of the treatments P0 - 100% groundwater, control; P10 - 90% groundwater and 10% produced water; P20 - 80% groundwater and 20% produced water; P30 - 70% groundwater and 30% produced water; and P40 - 60% groundwater and 40% produced water; the subplots had the types of non-pressure compensating drippers (D1 - 1.6 L h-1, Netafim Super Typhoon, D2 - 1.6 L h-1, Netafim Streamline and D3 - 1.7 L h-1, NaanDanJain TalDrip); and the sub-subplots contained the evaluation times (0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 h). Distribution uniformity and statistical uniformity coefficients were evaluated every 40 h, until completing 160 h. The pH of the dilutions was the attribute posing the highest risk of clogging to the emitters. Also in relation to dilutions, P40 caused greater application non-uniformity in D2, while the highest values of application uniformity were achieved in treatments P10 and P20 with D1 and D3, indicating the effectiveness of dilution in minimizing clogging.

摘要 本研究旨在评估采用经处理的石油采出水稀释液的滴灌单元的分布均匀性。本试验采用裂裂区设计、完全随机排列，设置3次重复。主区处理包括：P0为100%地下水（对照）；P10为90%地下水+10%采出水；P20为80%地下水+20%采出水；P30为70%地下水+30%采出水；P40为60%地下水+40%采出水。副区为无压补偿式滴头类型：D1为1.6 L·h⁻¹的Netafim Super Typhoon滴头；D2为1.6 L·h⁻¹的Netafim Streamline滴头；D3为1.7 L·h⁻¹的NaanDanJain TalDrip滴头。副副区为评估时段（0、40、80、120和160 h）。每40小时测定一次分布均匀性与统计均匀性系数，直至完成160小时试验。稀释液的酸碱度是导致滴头堵塞风险最高的指标。此外，就稀释配比而言，P40处理下D2滴头的施用均匀性最差；而P10、P20处理配合D1、D3滴头时，施用均匀性达到最高水平，表明该稀释方式可有效减轻滴头堵塞。