Diagnosing Disagreement and Quantifying Uncertainty in Multi-source Land Use Products across Northeast China (2000-2020)

Land use/land cover data products (such as Globeland30 (30 m), CLCD (30 m), ESACCI Land Cover V2 (300 m, ESACCI), MODIS Land Cover (500 m, MODIS), and Historic Land Dynamics Assessment+ (1 km, HILDA+)) provide crucial land cover information for global Earth system science research. However, the advantages and limitations of these products in regional applications remain unclear, and the selection process for their application is like a “black box,” raising concerns regarding their reliability for regional analysis and environmental monitoring. This study developed a pixel-by-pixel spatiotemporal conflict-detection system to quantify the accuracy and conflict status of five land cover data products in Northeast China, and to explore the causes of errors and the applicability of these different data products.