Seawater carbonate chemistry and data of predetor behaviour from lab experiment

Ocean acidification poses a range of threats to marine invertebrates; however, the emerging and likely widespread effects of rising carbon dioxide (CO2) levels on marine invertebrate behaviour are still little understood. Here, we show that ocean acidification alters and impairs key ecological behaviours of the predatory cone snail Conus marmoreus. Projected near-future seawater CO2levels (975 µatm) increased activity in this coral reef molluscivore more than threefold (from less than 4 to more than 12 mm/min) and decreased the time spent buried to less than one-third when compared with the present-day control conditions (390 µatm). Despite increasing activity, elevated CO2 reduced predation rate during predator-prey interactions with control-treated humpbacked conch, Gibberulus gibberulus gibbosus; 60% of control predators successfully captured and consumed their prey, compared with only 10% of elevated CO2 predators. The alteration of key ecological behaviours of predatory invertebrates by near-future ocean acidification could have potentially far-reaching implications for predator-prey interactions and trophic dynamics in marine ecosystems. Combined evidence that the behaviours of both species in this predator-prey relationship are altered by elevated CO2 suggests food web interactions and ecosystem structure will become increasingly difficult to predict as ocean acidification advances over coming decades.

海洋酸化（Ocean acidification）对海洋无脊椎动物构成多重威胁，但目前人们对二氧化碳（CO₂）水平升高给海洋无脊椎动物行为带来的新兴且可能广泛存在的影响仍知之甚少。本研究表明，海洋酸化会改变并损害掠食性织锦芋螺（Conus marmoreus）的关键生态行为。与当前对照条件（390 µatm）相比，近未来海水CO₂水平（975 µatm）下，这种以软体动物为食的珊瑚礁物种的活动量增加了三倍以上（从不足4 mm/min升至12 mm/min以上），且埋栖时长缩减至原先的三分之一以下。尽管活动量有所提升，但高CO₂水平会降低其与经对照处理的驼背凤凰螺（Gibberulus gibberulus gibbosus）进行捕食者-猎物互动时的捕食成功率：对照组中有60%的捕食者成功捕获并取食猎物，而高CO₂处理组仅为10%。近未来海洋酸化对捕食性无脊椎动物关键生态行为的改变，可能对海洋生态系统中的捕食者-猎物互动及营养动态产生影响深远的后果。本捕食者-猎物关系中两个物种的行为均因CO₂水平升高而发生改变，这一综合证据表明，随着未来数十年海洋酸化加剧，食物网互动与生态系统结构将愈发难以预测。