Advances in Aerodynamic Design: Optimizing Air Resistance in High-Speed Railways for Improved Operational Efficiency

High-speed railways are at the forefront of transportation technologies, celebrated for their excep-tional attributes such as speed, comfort, safety, and reliability. A key aspect of enhancing the per-formance of these systems lies in the reduction of air resistance, a critical factor in boosting speed and reducing energy consumption. This study introduces a novel single-objective multivariate High-speed-rail Air Resistance (HAR) Optimization Model, anchored in aerodynamics and fluid dynamics, designed to meticulously evaluate the interplay between air resistance, relative velocity, and air viscosity across diverse high-speed railway prototypes under a range of simulated opera-tional scenarios. By adjusting variables such as air density, humidity, and temperature, our model offers an exhaustive analysis of the air resistance profiles typically encountered by high-speed trains under both normal and challenging weather conditions. Results from this research indicate that the TP1 head shape significantly outperforms other designs in terms of air resistance, with values of 1.117e+06, 1.125e+06, 1.083e+06, and 1.169e+06 under scenarios of normal weather, high winds, heavy rain, and heavy snow, respectively. Detailed examination of the front-end design reveals that a nose height of 1.0m and a curve arc projection of 7m ensure minimal drag, underscoring the importance of aerodynamic optimization in the design of high-speed trains for enhanced opera-tional efficiency.

高速铁路位居交通技术发展前沿，以其卓越的速度、舒适性、安全性与可靠性广受赞誉。提升这类系统性能的关键环节之一在于降低空气阻力——这是提升运行速度、降低能耗的核心影响因素。本研究提出了一种以空气动力学与流体力学为理论基础的新型单目标多变量高速铁路空气阻力（High-speed-rail Air Resistance, HAR）优化模型，旨在针对多种模拟运行场景下的多款高速铁路列车原型，细致评估空气阻力、相对速度与空气粘度之间的相互作用关系。通过调整空气密度、湿度与温度等变量，该模型可全面分析高速列车在常规及极端天气工况下通常面临的空气阻力特性。本研究结果显示，TP1车头造型在空气阻力性能上显著优于其他设计方案：在常规天气、大风、暴雨与暴雪场景下，其空气阻力值分别为1.117×10^6、1.125×10^6、1.083×10^6与1.169×10^6。对车头前端设计的详细分析表明，当车头高度为1.0米、曲面弧面投影长度为7米时，可实现最低阻力，这凸显了空气动力学优化在高速列车设计中的核心地位，有助于提升运行能效。