LE MASSAIE RURALI Appunti sul lessico politico-amministrativo del regime e sulla cultura fascista

The paper traces the history of the Italian phrase massaia rurale(‘rural housewife’)with which during the Fascist regime it wasindicated every member of the Fascist organization which brought together the women of the campaign (not only countrywomen, but also wifes of land owners, farmers, sharecroppers and day labourers).The section “Massaie rurali”of the National Fascist Party was born officially in 1934 and took the place of the “Federazione nazionale delle massaie rurali”(‘National fascist federation of rural housewives’), an organization that depended on the National Fascist Confederation of Agricultural Unions and not directly by the Fascist party. The “Federazione nazionale fascista delle massaie rurali”, inturn, had taken over from the “Unione della massaie di campagna”(‘rural housewives union’), organization comprising aristocratic, bourgeois and peasant women, was born in Lombardy in 1919. The progressive appropriation of the “Massaie rurali”by the Fascist regime is part of the process of fascistization of society that characterized Italy in the Thirties. The section “Massaie rurali”became very famous especially after 1935, when with the start of the international sanctions against Italy they became a central element in the autarkic turning point imposed by the regime, which wanted to make of all Italian women, and of housewives rural in particular, a symbol of economic self-sufficiency of the country.

本文梳理了意大利语词汇massaia rurale（意为“农村主妇”）的演变历史。在法西斯政权时期，该术语曾用于指代所有加入该法西斯组织的女性成员，该组织集结了农村劳作群体中的女性——不仅包括农家妇女，还涵盖土地所有者、农场主、分成制佃农以及日薪劳工的妻子。国家法西斯党（National Fascist Party）下设的“农村主妇”部门于1934年正式成立，取代了“全国农村主妇联合会（Federazione nazionale delle massaie rurali，National fascist federation of rural housewives）”，该组织隶属于全国农业联盟法西斯联合会（National Fascist Confederation of Agricultural Unions），而非直接受法西斯党领导。而“全国农村主妇法西斯联合会（Federazione nazionale fascista delle massaie rurali）”则接管了“农村主妇联盟（Unione della massaie di campagna，rural housewives union）”的职能，该联盟由贵族女性、资产阶级女性与农民女性组成，于1919年在伦巴第大区成立。法西斯政权对“农村主妇”组织的逐步收编，是20世纪30年代意大利社会法西斯化进程的组成部分。“农村主妇”部门尤其在1935年后声名鹊起——彼时国际社会对意大利开启制裁，该组织成为政权推行经济自给自足转型的核心载体：政权希望将全体意大利女性，尤其是农村主妇，塑造为国家经济自给自足的象征。