Prevalence and risk factors for dry eye disease: the Sao Paulo dry eye study

ABSTRACT Purpose: To estimate the prevalence and risk factors of dry eye disease symptoms and clinical diagnoses in Sao Paulo city, state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Methods: A total of 582 participants over 18 years old, living in the east zone of Sao Paulo city responded to a short questionnaire. Dry eye disease was on that is defined by the presence of severe symptoms or previous clinical diagnosis of dry eye disease by an ophthalmologist. The association between dry eye disease and possible risk factors was assessed. Results: Overall dry eye disease severe symptoms and/or clinical diagnoses prevalence was calculated as 24.4% for both sexes. Women presented a higher frequency of severe symptoms of dry eye disease (16.07%) than men (8.48%; p=0.0244), as well as the composite of severe symptoms or diagnosed dry eye disease, presented by 26.86% of women and 18.18% of men (p=0.0366). In women, ages between 55 to 75 years old were associated with dry eye disease severe symptoms (OR=3.11; 95%CI 1.56-6.23, p=0.001) and diagnosed dry eye disease (OR=2.02; 95% CI 1.04-3.93, p=0.037). Hypertension was significantly associated with dry eye disease symptoms (OR=1.98; 95% CI 1.14-3.43, p=0.015) and diagnoses (OR=3.54; 95% CI 1.92-6.53, p=0.0001) in women. Eye drops use was associated with severe symptoms of dry eye disease and diagnosed dry eye disease in both women and men (p≤0.01). Conclusions: Dry eye disease prevalence in Sao Paulo city is higher in women than in men. Age and hypertension were stronger risk factors of dry eye disease for women, while eye drops use was a significant indicator of dry eye disease for both sexes.

摘要：研究目的：估算巴西圣保罗州圣保罗市干眼（dry eye disease）症状与临床诊断的患病率及其危险因素。研究方法：共计招募582名年满18岁、居住于圣保罗市东区的受试者，完成一份简短问卷。本研究中干眼定义为存在重度干眼症状，或经眼科医师确诊为干眼。本研究评估了干眼与潜在危险因素之间的关联。研究结果：无论性别，合并重度干眼症状与/或临床确诊干眼的总体患病率为24.4%。女性重度干眼症状的发生率（16.07%）高于男性（8.48%；p=0.0244）；同时合并重度症状与确诊干眼的比例，女性为26.86%，男性为18.18%（p=0.0366）。在女性受试者中，55~75岁年龄段与重度干眼症状显著相关（比值比OR=3.11；95%置信区间CI：1.56~6.23，p=0.001），同时与确诊干眼相关（OR=2.02；95%CI：1.04~3.93，p=0.037）。高血压与女性受试者的干眼症状显著相关（OR=1.98；95%CI：1.14~3.43，p=0.015），同时与女性的干眼确诊结果显著相关（OR=3.54；95%CI：1.92~6.53，p=0.0001）。无论男女，使用滴眼液均与重度干眼症状及确诊干眼存在显著关联（p≤0.01）。研究结论：圣保罗市干眼患病率女性高于男性。年龄与高血压是女性干眼的主要危险因素，而滴眼液使用则是两性干眼的显著相关指标。