Transcriptional remodeling of primary human monocytes exposed to itaconate and its derivatives in the context of trained immunity

Trained immunity is a phenomenon whereby innate immune cells such as monocytes or macrophages undergo functional reprogramming after exposure to certain microbial components, altering their responses to future exposures. This study profiled the transcriptome of human monocytes and in vitro differentiated macrophages, exposed to a combination of LPS, BG, DMI, or Itaconate. Human primary monocytes were isolated using Ficoll and Percoll gradient separation. Baseline monocytes were collected after 1 hour in culture (attached). Samples for media alone, LPS, BG, DMI, itaconate, or a combination of LPS+DMI and BG+DMI, were collected at 4 hours post stimulation (4h sample), 24 hours post stimulation (day 1 sample). Additionally,exposed RNA was collected from monocytes were allowed to differentiate to macrophages for 5 days (day 6 sample) and then re-exposed to LPS for 4 hours (restimulation sample).