Customary Violations and Its Sanctions: A Comparative Study of the Tenganan Pegringsingan Indigenous Community in Bali and the Kajang Tanah Towa Community in South Sulawesi

This article uses ethnographic data from Tenganan Pegringsingan, Bali, and Tanah Towa Kajang, South Sulawesi. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with several indigenous leaders and local community members. Additionally, participatory observation was conducted, where the researcher participated in the daily activities of the indigenous community. Various types of sanctions are regulated in the awig-awig of Tenganan Pegringsingan, including dosen, penging, sikang, sapa sumaba, and kesah. Meanwhile, in the Kajang Tanah Towa indigenous community, violations of the pasang (customary rules) are met with sanctions ranging from mild to severe. Serious violations are punished with poko' ba'bala (the base of the whip), moderate violations with tangnga ba'bala (the middle of the whip), and minor violations with cappa ba'bala (the tip of the whip).