Late Pleistocene tephras and pollen fossils found in the vicinity of Mt. Kushigata, the Koma Mountains in central Japan

S1: Geomorphological map in the vicinity of Mt. Kushigata, the Koma Mountains in central Japan The base map was generated using a 5-m grid DTM from the Geospatial Information Authority of Japan. Active fault lines (red solid) are from Nakata and Imaizumi (2002; ISBN9784130607643). S2: Microscopic images of the glass shards in the tephra layers The morphological classification of glass shards refers by Kishi and Miyawaki (1996) (Related Materials 2) , incorporating the chunky (ch) type that reflects quench fragmentation (Machida and Arai, 2003; ISBN9784130607452). S3: Pollen and spore in the peat layers found nearby Tatenuma Pond on the eastern flank of Mt. Kushigata The peat samples collected from the layers (Fig. 2, TTN-P1, TTN-P2) at the Loc. TTN (Fig. 1−B) were aliquoted in centrifuge tubes with a weight of 2–3 g. The samples were deflocculated in heated 10% KOH solution, and then rinsed with water, removing the detritus by leaching for 1h in 46% HF solution. The organic fraction was then extracted by centrifuging the sample with ZnBr2 solution (2.1 g cm-3), suspending it in the tube. The residue was washed with water, then dehydrated with acetic acid, followed by dissolving the cellulose with acetolysis solution. We prepared the specimens by sealing the washed residue with drops of glycerin. The specimens were observed under a microscope, counting pollens and spores until over 200 arboreal pollens were identified. S4: Diagram of pollen and spore in the peat layers found nearby Tatenuma This diagram indicates the percentage of arboreal pollen that is produced by the total count of arboreal pollen, and the percentage of non-arboreal pollen and fern spore that are based on the sum of pollen and spore. The taxa hyphenated in the appendix denote those that prove difficult to distinguish by themselves. The pollen of the Moraceae, Rosaceae and Leguminosae are classified here as non-arboreal pollen since the difficulty to distinguish the origin of the pollens. S5: Microscopic images of typical pollen fossils in the peat layers nearby Tatenuma Photos of pollens in the peat layers. (A) Picea, (B) Tsuga, (C) Pinus subgen. Haploxylon, (D) Abies, (E) Betula, (F) Alnus, (G) Eriocaulon, (H) Cyperaceae. Sample ID used for the image capture: (A) TTN-P2, (B) TTN-P2, (C) TTN-P1, (D) TTN-P2, (E) TTN-P1, (F) TTN-P1, (G) TTN-P1, (H) TTN-P1. Specimen numbers of the pollen fossils: (A) PLC. 1942, (B) PLC. 1943, (C) PLC. 1944, (D) PLC. 1945, (E) PLC. 1946, (F) PLC. 1947, (G) PLC. 1948, (H) PLC. 1949.